弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 Francisco Franco,
对西班牙的绝对统治者是欧洲历史上最神秘的独裁者之一 Absolute ruler over Spain was one of the most enigmatic dictators in European history.
即使在今天 Even today,
这个国家仍然有他统治的伤痕 the country still bears the scars of his reign.
但其中一名士兵却嘲笑他 But one of the soldiers in fact mocked him.
当他下达命令 坦白地说 When he gave an order and frankly from name,
拔出手枪 把他打死了 pulled out his pistol and shot him dead.
他在一场血腥的内战中夺取政权 用铁腕统治了这个国家四十年 He seized power in a bloody civil war and ruled the country with an iron hand for forty years.
他曾经说过，我可以毫不犹豫地杀死西班牙半数人口以防止它马克思主义化 He once said I would have no problem killing half of Spain just to stop it becoming Marxism.
暴君 The despot,
即使是他信任的追随者 not even his trusted followers,
能看穿一个有许多面孔的人 could really see through a man with many faces.
弗朗哥 Franco,
私下里 in private,
当他在一起的时候 when he was with.
朋友们 Friends,
如果可以的话 if one could go.
真是个喋喋不休的人 was an absolute blabber mouth,
你不能让他闭嘴 You couldn't shut him up,
你知道 you know.
当然 And of course,
一旦他掌权 once he was in power,
没有人敢关闭它 no one dared to shut it.
弗朗哥死后的1975年 In 1975 following Franco's death,
西班牙是一个分裂的国家 Spain was a divided country,
一个充满谜题的独裁者的遗产 the legacy of a dictator full of enigmas.
但这到底是谁的弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 But who exactly was this Francisco Franco?
1936年，政治动荡使这个国家陷入了混乱 一个伟大的机会出现在一个职业生涯似乎已经结束了很久以前的人身上 In 1936 political unrest plunged the country into chaos and a great opportunity presented itself for a man whose career seemed to have run its course a long time ago.
弗朗哥将军发动了一场政变 在纳粹德国的帮助下 引发了一场血腥的内战 General Franco instigated a coup which led to a bloody civil war with the help of Nazi Germany.
弗朗哥的军队谋杀了他们的空军 Franco's troops murder their way to power Hitless Air force,
然后在一个年轻人的上方移动 then moved above a youth.
西班牙正在为他的灭绝战争进行训练 Spain is training for his war of extermination.
当敌意最终停止时 When hostilities finally ceased,
弗朗哥宣布自己是新的国家元首 Franco declared himself the new head of state.
没有人敢反驳新威权领导人 no one dared contradict the new authoritarian leader,
这是来自这个占统治地位的妻子的一部分 a part that is from this dominant wife.
她会在暴君的统治下生存下来 She would survive the despot.
一个多世纪以来 For more than a century,
西班牙已将海浪视为现代社会的第一个超级大国 Spain had ruled the waves as the first superpower of the modern era.
但是1918年反对正在崛起的美国 But 1918 in the war against the emerging United States,
西班牙舰队几乎被完全摧毁 the Spanish fleet was almost totally destroyed.
西班牙的海军霸权已经结束 Spain's naval supremacy was over.
随着越来越多的殖民地为独立而战 帝国崩溃了 The empire crumbled as more and more colonies fought for independence.
一个曾经如此骄傲的发现和征服者的国家 在军事和经济上无足轻重 A once so proud country of discoveries and conquerors slid into military and economic insignificance.
对西班牙人的自尊来说 这是一种耻辱性的下降 A humiliating decline for Spanish self esteem.
他是西班牙社会的创伤经历 He was a traumatic experience for Spanish society,
因为它的精英们最重要的是 for its elites meant above all,
为武装部队的建立 for the establishment for the armed forces,
尤其是海军 especially the Navy.
大西洋海岸的埃尔费罗尔 El Ferrol on the Atlantic coast,
曾经是一个重要的军事基地 had once been an important military base.
这是在西班牙舰队被消灭的7年前 弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 巴蒙迪 It was here seven years before the Spanish fleet was annihilated that Francisco Franco bar Mondi,
出生在一个军官家庭的两个孩子中的第二个 was born the second of two children in an officer's family.
在埃尔费罗尔的码头上有一个孩子 There's a child on the dockside at El Ferrol.
他会看到船只抵达 he would have seen the boats arrive,
他本可以看到那些债务被从船上卸下来的 he would have seen the the debt being taken off the boats.
他会接受伤员和跛足的人 he would receive the wounded and the cripples coming up,
这对他的余生产生了巨大的影响 and this had a tremendous impact on the rest of his life.
这个男孩在一个要塞城镇的日常生活中长大 The boy grew up in the everyday life of a garrison town,
海军的成员是这一场景的自然组成部分 where members of the Navy were a natural part of the scene.
弗朗哥住在埃尔费罗尔海军基地要塞小镇的一个僻静的小院子里 Franco lived in a small, secluded yard in this garrison town on the naval base at El Ferrol.
1898年战败时期 Period to defeat 1898
海军家族成员仍然有可能相信他们属于一个伟大的国家 拥有一支伟大的海军 这在世界上很重要 it was still possible for members of a naval family to believe that they belong to a great nation with a great navy that was important in the world,
在1890年后 人们就不可能再思考了 and after 1890 it was no longer possible to think,
像一个害羞的男孩 like a shy boy,
弗朗西斯科只是一个普通的学生 Francisco was just an average pupils.
他有严格的天主教教育 He had a strict Catholic upbringing,
但是他的父亲因为他是一个镇上的人而赢得了声誉 but his father earned a reputation for being a man about town.
他有一个非常专横的母亲 He had a very domineering mother.
他也有一个父亲 他不是很在场 And he also had a father who was not very present,
所以我认为我们有理由认为他的童年并不是一个快乐的童年 so I think it's reasonable to suppose that his was not already a happy childhood.
西班牙面临着巨大的问题 Spain was faced with huge problems,
而其他国家早已对工业化抱有信心 whereas other countries had long since placed their faith in industrialization,
西班牙落后于现代 Spain was left lagging behind the modern era.
大部分的农田属于大地主 Most of the farmland belonged to big landowners.
贫富之间的差距越来越大 The gap between rich and poor was growing ever wider.
西班牙的土地上有着庞大的人口 A large proportion of the Spanish population lived on the land,
但他们生活在恶劣的在劳工条件下 but under the miserable conditions of day laborers,
国王阿方索十三世无法控制这些问题 King Alfonso the Thirteenth could not get a grip of the problems.
当罢工和叛乱使这个国家陷入瘫痪时 腐败盛行 Corruption flourished while strikes and revolts paralyzed the country.
尤其是在加泰罗尼亚和巴斯克地区 In Catalonia and the Basque Country in particular,
要求独立的呼声越来越高 calls for independence grew louder.
西班牙海军的衰落粉碎了弗朗哥的职业梦想 The decline of the Spanish navy shattered Franco's career dream;
现在它只需要很少的新人 而且只拿最好的 it now required very few recruits and took only the best.
弗朗哥被拒绝了 Franco was turned down.
对他来说 所有的一切都是在托莱多的军事学院里的步兵 All that remained open to him was the infantry in the form of the Military Academy in Toledo.
当他去找他的时候 你知道他是个孩子 You know he was a child when he went to him,
他的年龄比他的年龄要小 and he was in a way younger than his age.
他很小 He was tiny.
我认为他在军事学院一定很不高兴 I think he must have been very unhappy in the military Academy.
当摩洛哥发生动乱时 When unrest broke out in Morocco,
西班牙甚至面临着失去最后一个殖民地的危险 Spain was even in danger of losing its last colony.
军队被要求恢复秩序 The military was called on to restore order.
弗朗哥加入了非洲的使命 Franco joined the mission to Africa.
当他的同事嘲笑他的身高不足时 When ridiculed by his colleagues for his lack of height,
他只有一米六三 he was only one meter and sixty three tall.
他的反应很严厉 He reacted with demonstrative severity.
弗朗哥的妹妹 Franco's sister,
例如 for instance,
有一次被告知他是如何把一根红色的热针压在他的手腕上的 once told how he had pressed a red hot needle down on his wrist.
他唯一的评论是 烧焦的肉闻起来是他的肉的味道 His only comment was that burned flesh smells abominably off about his flesh.
对我来说 For me,
不知道恐惧的人有严重的人格缺陷 somebody who does not know fear has got serious personality deficiencies.
是的 So yes,
弗朗哥可能不知道恐惧 Franco probably didn't know fear.
摩洛哥代表团的特点是大规模的暴行 The Morocco mission was characterized by massive brutality.
双方的囚犯都受到了虐待 Prisoners on both sides were badly treated.
在殖民地的战场上 弗朗哥在二十二岁时成名 It was on the colonial battlefield that Franco made his mark at the age of twenty two,
他成为了西班牙军队中最年轻的队长 he became the youngest captain in the Spanish army.
他的特点是严格的纪律 His hallmark was rigid discipline.
我认为在这段时间里 有一件事使他与众不同 正是因为 One of the things I think that distinguished him at this time is precisely because.
他有 He had.
实际上对性没有兴趣 Virtually no interest in sex.
他不喝酒 He didn't drink,
因此 当他的许多同事 伙伴和同志们开始接受严酷的条件时 and so while a lot of his colleagues and companions and comrades were coming to terms with the very harsh conditions.
与妓女赌博 With drink with gambling with prostitutes,
他什么都没做 he didn't do any of that.
相反 Instead,
弗朗哥花了几个晚上研究地图 并计划对叛军定居点袭击 Franco spent nights studying maps and planning attack on rebel settlements,
他的方法变得越来越无情 and his approach became increasingly ruthless.
非洲东部 The African East us,
就像他们会称呼那些在非洲有主要经验的军官一样 as they were as they will call the officers who had their main experience in Africa,
冷酷无情 were ruthless.
他们的主要任务是恐吓殖民地居民 Their main job was to terrorise a colonial population,
这是一种他们后来会带回西班牙半岛的态度这对弗朗哥产生了很大的影响当然 这也是他为他的友谊所做的一切 and this was an attitude that they would later bring back to the Spanish Peninsula so that very much affected Franco and of course it was where he made what passed for his friendships.
这个著名的故事 The famous story,
当然 of course,
是用这些小肚子 is that with these little pot belly,
他的声音很尖 我们的一个士兵在下达命令时嘲笑他 and he's rather squeaky voice that one of our soldiers in fact mocked him when he gave an order.
弗朗哥迅速掏出手枪 把他打死了 Franco promptly pulled out his pistol and shot him dead.
我认为在摩洛哥的战争 I think that the war in Morocco,
是一场十分残酷无情的战争 which was a completely ruthless war and a very savage one,
弗朗哥是一个非常冷酷无情的杀手 underlined the fact that Franco was a very cold hearted killer.
在战场上受重伤后 After being seriously wounded on the battlefield,
弗朗哥被送回西班牙的奥维多 以恢复元气 Franco was sent back to Oviedo in Spain to recover.
在那里他被任命为西班牙外籍军团的首领 There he was appointed head of the Spanish Foreign Legion.
在奥维耶多 他认识了卡门保罗 It was in Oviedo that he got to know Carmen Paulo.
一年后 A year later,
她成了他的妻子 she became his wife.
卡门是一个严格的天主教徒 很快就对她的丈夫产生了重大影响 Carmen was a strict Catholic and soon had major influence over her husband.
他在寻找一种有利的婚姻 He was looking for an advantageous marriage;
她来自一个富裕的家庭 she was from a rich family;
她的家人被激怒了 她会和一个士兵勾搭上 因为那个士兵在那些日子里的生活 Her family were outraged that she would hookup with with a soldier because the soldier's life in those days,
这些战场上的晋升是非常危险的 these battlefield promotions was very dangerous.
她的父亲被指控说 Her father is alleged to say,
你知道你不能 You know you can't.
你不能嫁给他 You can't marry him.
比玛丽在斗牛士中更糟糕 It's worse than Mary in a bullfighter.
在稍后出版的日记中 In a diary published a little later,
这位非洲老兵描述了他的经历 the Africa veteran described his experiences.
他写了一个西班牙营及其勇敢的领导人所进行的大胆行动 he wrote of the bold operations carried out by a Spanish battalion and of its courageous leader.
弗朗哥真的具备成为一名伟大指挥官的能力吗 Did Franco really have what it takes to be a great commander?
弗朗哥当然不是一个战略天才 Franco was certainly not a strategic genius;
他在政治上很聪明 he was very clever when it came to politics,
当他以权谋术来战胜任何对手时 and when he came to in a Machiavellian sense when it came to outmaneuvering any rivals,
所以没人能挑战他 so nobody could challenge him,
但作为一名军事思想家或战略家 but as a military thinker or strategist,
他毫无用处 he was useless.
弗朗哥 Franco,
作为军队的尤尔根克洛普 as the Juergen Klopp of of the military,
你知道他是一个幸运的教练 你擅长足球 you know he's a lucky manager you to be good in football.
他很幸运 He got to be lucky.
在西班牙 In Spain,
社会关系紧张 social tensions were growing,
工人运动在权力冲突中越来越频繁地升级为暴力 the workers' movement was gaining in power conflicts escalated into violence more and more often.
阿方索国王 King Alfonso,
当他的政府似乎陷入瘫痪的时候 when his government seemed paralyzed.
军队在所有重大问题上都有自己的参与 The army involved itself in all major issues.
最重要的是 Above all,
权力掌握在精英手中 power was in the hands of the elite,
富有的工业家 rich industrialists,
大地主和教会 big landowners and the church.
天主教是国教 Catholicism was the state religion.
左翼激进分子与政府和教会进行了斗争 leftwing activists fought against the government and the church.
当政治动荡和膨胀的时候 当牧师被杀的时候 它释放了两位政治家 Whenever political unrest and well done if priests were killed.
比如教堂和修道院都与政治和军事问题有关因为绝大多数的西班牙人都认为 what the priests churches and monasteries have to do with political and military issues because of what was seen by the overwhelming majority of the Spanish population is,
一个非常紧密的联盟 a very close alliance.
阿方索国王放弃了 同意让军队在里维拉将军的领导下进行控制 King Alfonso gave up and agreed to let the army take control under the leadership of General Primo de Rivera.
他着迷于法西斯主义 He was fascinated by fascism,
它横扫整个欧洲 which was sweeping over the whole of Europe,
来自墨索里尼的意大利 from Mussolini's Italy.
里维拉试图用暴力来带领国家走出危机 Primo de Rivera intended to lead the country out of crisis with the use of violence.
在军事独裁统治下 Under the military dictatorship,
年轻的弗朗西斯科弗朗哥的军旅生涯开始了 young Francisco Franco's army career took off.
他曾是西班牙军队中最年轻的少校 He was used the youngest major in the Spanish army,
他是最年轻的上校 he was the youngest colonel.
而且还是最年轻的将军 above all, he was the youngest general.
当上陆军准将时弗朗哥才三十三岁 when he was made brigadier General guiding Franco was only thirty three years old.
同时也有人说 弗朗哥得到快速晋升的原因之一是他一直在抱怨 and it's also said that one of the reasons why Franco got quick promotion was that he was forever complaining.
他写信给卫生部 要求知道他为什么没有被提升 He was writing to the ministry demanding to know why he hadn't been promoted.
他设法与国王阿方索建立了一定的联系 He managed to establish a certain connection with the King Alfonso the thirteenth.
现在 弗朗哥将军被任命为萨拉戈萨新军事学院的院长 Now a general Franco was made head of the new military Academy in Saragossa.
作为一名讲师 As a lecturer,
他主要是寻求军官的服务 he mainly sought the services of officers who,
就像他在摩洛哥打仗一样 like him at fought in Morocco.
培训从弗朗哥得到的人 Training the people received from Franco well,
尤其是他带来的那些人 particularly from the guys he brought in to do.
这位教师并不是现代武器的现代战略或战术 the teacher was not about modern strategy or tactics of modern weaponry.
是的 it was.
如果我的意识形态是关于爱国主义的 If I was that ideology was about patriotism,
它是关于灌输非洲系统的理念 it was about instilling the ideals of the African systems.
通过他的新职位 Through his new post.
弗朗哥终于赢得了他所渴望的公众尊重 Franco at last earned the public esteem he yearned for.
他现在是当地的名人 He was now a local celebrity.
他的妻子 And his wife,
卡门保罗 Carmen Paulo,
他很高兴能在他的成功中沐浴 was more than happy to bathe in his success.
这使他成为镇上最重要的人物之一 That made him one of the top figures in the town,
但她喜欢所有这些 她喜欢和大主教在你身边 but she loved all of that either she loved hobnobbing with the Archbishop in thee.
市长和当地政府 The mayor and the local authorities.
他们才是最重要的 They were the things that mattered.
这对夫妇有一个女儿 The couple had a daughter, Comesita
谣言很快传开 其父并非弗朗哥而是他的弟弟 rumor quickly spread that it was not Franco who was the father but his younger brother.
孩子的生母不是卡门，而是一个妓女 And the child's natural mother was not common Paulo but a prostitute.
我们有一个事实 那就是从未见过她怀孕 We have the fact that she was never seen pregnant.
我们有相当明确的获得间接证据 We have fairly clear gain circumstantial evidence.
弗朗哥很少有 The Franco have very little…
很少有性趣 可能与他在1916年受到的严重创伤有关 very little Interested sexless may well be to do with the very severe wound that he received in one thousand, 1916
这通常被称为下腹部的伤口 which was always referred to as a wound in the lower abdomen.
甚至连军方也无法控制西班牙的问题 Even the military was unable to get Spain's problems under control.
在1930年的世界经济危机中 During the world economic crisis of nineteen thirty,
里维拉辞职了 Primo de Rivera resigned.
阿方索国王流亡国外 西班牙成为了共和国 King Alfonso fled into exile and Spain became a republic.
最重要的是 It was above all,
那些希望社会进步的穷人 the poor who hoped the social progress.
新政府宣布了农业改革 The new government announced agricultural reforms.
在未来 In future,
这片土地是属于农民的 the land was to belong to the farmers.
教会和国家之间的紧密联系被切断 军队被剥夺了权力 The close ties between church and state were to be severed and the military deprived of power.
共和国要处理的第一件事就是它的军队规模比它所能承受的还要大 One of the first things that the Republic had to deal with was the fact that it had an army that was bigger than it could afford.
西班牙是一个贫穷的国家 但它有一支军队 它的军官队伍非常膨胀 军事预算也不成比例地增加了 Spain was a poor country and yet it had an army which had a hugely inflated officer corps and the disproportionate amount of of the military budget went on.
办公室工资 Salaries for offices.
其结果是 没有足够的钱为现代化的车辆提供燃料 And the consequence of that was that there was not enough money left for fuel for vehicles for modernization.
通常他们不能做机动 因为没有足够的钱买汽油 Often they couldn't do maneuvers because there wasn't enough money for petrol.
士兵们经常要用木步枪操练 Soldiers often had to drill with wood rifle.
新的政治目标是让西班牙成为一个民主社会 The new political goal was for Spain to become a democratic society.
旧秩序的受益者害怕失去他们的调色板 The beneficiaries of the old order were afraid of losing their palette.
保守的天主教徒也是如此 So too were conservative Catholics,
就像弗朗哥一样 like the Franco's,
这有很多利害关系 there was much at stake.
国家和教会的分裂遭到了教会的强烈反对 A division of state and church met with considerable opposition from the church.
军方认为自己在军事改革中被赋予了一个次要地位 The military felt it had been given a back seat on through the military reforms,
所有这些都是评论 and all of this was commenting.
在圣局的领导下 Led by General San Bureau,
军队发动了一场未遂政变 the army launched an attempted coup,
但在欧洲上空 它却没有公开地出现在欧洲上空是德国法西斯主义的威胁象征 but it failed openly visible in the skies over Europe was the threatening symbol of German fascism and in secret,
在这个国家建立了许多纳粹的基础 numerous Nazi basis were established in the country.
西班牙的法西斯主义者称自己为 财政espanola Spain's Fascists called themselves the Financial espanola,
这个名字反映了古代希腊人的战斗秩序 a name reflecting the ancient Greek battle order of the phalanx.
它的创始人是里维拉的儿子 Its founder was the son of Primero de Rivera,
已经辞职的国家元首 the head of state who had resigned.
它从法西斯主义那里学到了什么是法西斯主义有统一的思想 It has learned from fascism what fascism has the idea of unity,
以目的为目的 在课堂上对这些研究的权威和替代 authority and substitution of these studies among classes by the idea of purpose.
在接下来的选举中 年轻的共和国是一个火药桶 The young republic was a powder keg with the next elections.
保守派和极端右翼政党取得了胜利 Conservative and ultra rightwing parties emerged victorious.
他们想要再次废除民主 They wanted to abolish democracy again.
作为反抗的标志 As a sign of resistance,
共产党号召举行大罢工 the Communists called for a general strike.
但在许多地方 这一呼吁实际上只对北部的奥斯托里斯没有影响 矿工们坚决反对右翼政府 But in many places the call had virtually no effect only in the north in ostorius did the miners' steadfastly opposed the rightwing government.
弗朗哥将军被召来了 General Franco was called on.
他打算充分利用这一机会 He intended to make full use of the opportunity which presented itself.
我认为弗朗哥在特别提款权上的规则是他在西班牙的首次公开亮相 I think that Franco's rule in the SDR is racing was definitely his first major public appearance in Spain,
在那之后 大家都知道了他的名字 and after that everybody knew his name.
为了对抗矿工们的决心 To combat the miners' resolve,
政府派出了特别部队 外国军团 弗朗哥的战斗 使非洲的正义得到了加强 the government sent in its special unit the Foreign Legion Franco's battle hardened African justice.
实际上 And effectively,
羊毛部长对弗朗哥说 the Minister of Wool says to Franco,
我不知道该如何处理这类事情 I haven't a clue about how to deal with this sort of thing.
你是负责人 You're in charge.
很明显 你不可能被认为是负责人 Obviously you can't be seen to be in charge,
但是你设计出了你想要的东西 but you devised how you want this to be dealt with.
把文件递给我 Pass me the documents,
在外面 an outside them,
所以在两到三周的时间里 and so for a period of two to three weeks,
弗朗哥有一个你可以称之为独裁者的职业培训 Franco has what you could call on the job training as a dictator.
弗朗哥确信叛乱是由布尔什维克策划的 Franco was convinced that the revolt was being masterminded by the Bolsheviks.
在二十天内 In twenty days,
澳大利亚的抵抗被残酷镇压 resistance in Australia was brutally crushed.
然后 弗朗哥下令对当地居民进行报复 Franco then ordered reprisals against the local population.
如果你想让这些人采取报复行动 那就没有必要了 There was no necessity if you like to make these take these reprisals,
但是士兵们的痛苦是如此的巨大以至于他们基本上认为我们是在被征服的国家 but the the bitterness of the soldiers was so great that they basically thought we are in conquered country,
这是关于非洲军队的有趣之处 and this is the interesting thing about the army of Africa.
他们最终把西班牙看作是一个外国的国家 They eventually saw Spain itself as a foreign country.
雇佣军以这样的野蛮行为来完成他们的任务 以至于弗朗哥很快就被认为是澳大利亚的屠夫 Mercenaries went about their task with such savagery that Franco was soon known as the butcher of Australia's;
将近三千人被杀 三万人被捕 nearly three thousand people were killed and thirty thousand arrested.
很多人被折磨 many were tortured,
被肢解并被处死 mutilated and executed.
将军已经表明了反对他的意思 The general had shown what it meant to oppose him.
所以我们可以肯定地说 如果不是以前 So we can certainly say if not before,
到了10月 by October,
1934年 弗朗哥认为自己是西班牙的救世主 因为这个故事正在上升 In 1934 Franco is thinking of himself as the savior of Spain as a result of this story is rising.
弗朗哥 Franco,
当然 of course,
就左派而言 几乎是头号敌人 was almost enemy number one as far as the left was concerned,
但是 当然 but of course,
就右派而言 as far as the right was concerned,
他被认为是潜在的救世主 he was seen as the potential saviour,
即使是在那个特定的时刻 even from that particular moment.
这就是他被任命为总参谋长的原因 That is the reason why he was appointed chief of the general staff.
在整个军队中最重要的位置 The most important position in the whole of the army,
他在那段时间里做的一件事就是停止为未来的内战做准备 and one of the things he does during that time is to stop making preparations for a future civil war.
西班牙在1930年举行新选举时 仍然存在政治分歧 Spain remained politically divided when new elections were held in nineteen thirty,
令人惊讶的是 six surprisingly,
左翼联盟 a leftwing coalition,
前沿的流行取得了胜利 the frontier popular emerged victorious.
民主能生存吗 Could democracy survive?
长期以来 军方的保守派一直在酝酿另一场政变 Conservatives in the military who had long been hatching plans for another coup.
在这种情况下 In this situation
军方很清楚 除非他们采取他们所坚持的行动 It was clear to the military that unless they took actions which they stood,
没有任何机会通过民主的方式来阻止一个正在侵蚀他们的旧的进程 no chance in a democratic way of stopping a process which was eroding their old interests.
这些阴谋者是由埃米利奥莫纳将军领导的 The conspirators were led by general Emilio Mona.
和其他将军一起 Together with other generals,
他计划夺取政权 he planned to seize power.
但是只有少数的阴谋者能活着看到新的西班牙 but only a few of the conspirators would live to see the new Spain.
其中一个阴谋者 One of the conspirators,
它似乎刻意保留在背景中 it seems purposely remained in the background.
弗朗西斯科 弗朗哥 巴蒙德 Francisco Franco Bahamonde.
有军事装备的警察部队 The militarily equipped police force,
塞维利亚附近的广东在共和国的一侧是忠诚的 the Guangdong near Seville stood loyally on the side of the republic.
当有关即将到来的政变的谣言开始流传的时候 When rumours of the approaching coup began to circulate,
政府把将军们赶出了各省 the government banished the generals to the provinces.
弗朗哥被调到加纳利群岛 Franco was transferred to the Canary Islands.
弗朗哥知道的一件事是 你不能对国民警卫队发动政变 And the one thing Franco knew was that you cannot run a coup against the civil guard.
他实际上非常 and he was actually very,
很幸运的是 事情的解决办法是不被关进监狱 very lucky with the way things worked out not to be put in jail.
在流放中 In exile on ten,
暗礁 a reef,
那位中立的将军把自己放在了家里 the neutralized general made himself at home.
他学会了英语打高尔夫 秘密地继续为鸡舍拉绳子 He learnt English played golf and in secret continue to pull the strings for a coop.
在马德里 一名右翼政客被暗杀 在国会大厦引发了最初的火花 The assassination of a rightwing politician in Madrid provided the initial spark in the Capitol.
暴力事件爆发了 Violence erupted.
将军们相信那时已经来了 The generals believed that at that time had come.
政变从7月17日开始 The coup began on July the seventeenth in Spanish,
摩洛哥弗朗哥领导了加那利群岛的反政府武装 并希望尽快与非洲的测试人员合作 Morocco Franco led the rebels in the Canary Islands and wanted to join forces with the African testers as quickly as possible.
只有加纳利群岛的军事指挥官 Only the military commander of the Canary Islands,
阿玛多将军 General Amado.
巴厘人可以阻止弗朗哥这样做 Balinese could prevent Franco from doing this,
但他是在前一天的一次打猎事故中被杀的 but he had been killed the day before in an alleged hunting accident.
他是在弗朗哥的命令下被谋杀的 he was murdered on the Franco's order.
弗朗哥还下令随后掩盖一种方法 防止真相从伦敦来到伦敦 Franco also ordered the subsequent cover up a method to prevent the truth from ever coming to London.
在演示之前 说到很多关于弗朗哥的东西 Talk until demo that says a lot about Franco,
因为它揭示了他的性格 because it reveals his character.
他小心翼翼地看着前方的山羊 He treads carefully goat looks ahead,
但只有在他狡猾的时候 but only if it got his cunning.
他毫无顾忌 and he has no scruples whatsoever.
第二天 The next day,
弗朗哥飞到摩洛哥 Franco flew to Morocco.
他的目标是用非洲正义占领西班牙南部 His aim was to occupy southern Spain with the African Justice.
无法无天的军队从北部推进 General lawless troops advanced from the North.
民选政府意识到形势的严重性 并发出了对武器的号召 The elected government realize the gravity of the situation and issued a call to arms.
在直布罗陀海峡 Off Gibraltar,
效忠共和国的军舰封锁了海峡 warships loyal to the Republic blocked the Straits.
就目前而言 for the time being,
至少在弗朗哥的非洲 军队被阻止在西班牙登陆 at least Franco's African is the army was prevented from landing in Spain.
尤其是他的军队 Yet his troops in particular,
对路缘非常重要 were of great importance to the curb.
所有的将军都是他们的各种工作 All the various generals were all their various jobs.
弗朗哥是负责西班牙武装部队的一员 实际上是在工作 Franco is the wall who is in charge of the one part of the Spanish armed forces that actually works.
但弗朗哥有个计划 But Franco had a plan.
在德国与纳粹有良好的接触 Good contact with the Nazis in Germany.
弗朗哥第一次接触是在内战之前 Frank is first contact came before the civil war,
特别是在卡纳里斯上将 particularly with Admiral Kanaris,
观察者的头 the head of the observer,
他在许多场合见过面 who had met on numerous occasions.
过去常去西班牙旅行 Canaries used to travel frequently to Spain.
他是一个西班牙裔的档案 He was very much of a Hispanic file,
他当然一直保持联系 并意识到坦率地说 显然是西班牙军队中正在崛起的力量 并且一定认为你可能会得到一个更好的视频管理 and he certainly was keeping contact and realized that frankly was obviously the rising power within the Spanish army and must thought to know.
作为作曲家的狂热崇拜者 As an ardent admirer of the composer,
每年夏天 every summer,
希特勒在我心中参加了瓦格纳音乐节 Hitler attended the Wagner festival in my heart.
弗朗哥向来自摩洛哥的德国商业朋友寻求帮助 他想要约翰尼斯伯恩哈特 Franco asked to German business friends from Morocco for help he wanted Johannes Bernhard,
一个成年人的肺 与希特勒接触 an adult lung nine to make contact with Hitler.
国家社会党的两名成员特地赶来买热 并递给希特勒一封来自弗朗哥的私人信件 The two members of the National Socialist Party traveled especially to buy hot and handed Hitler a personal letter from Franco.
确实是这样的 It's certainly true that it was,
我们会说 shall we say,
这是他们去看希特勒的好时机 a good moment for them to have gone to see Hitler by right,
因为 because,
当然 在瓦格纳的季节里 有一种非常情绪化的感觉 of course there was very emotional during the period of the Wagner season by right and,
当然 of course,
很典型的情况是 在你之前 立即想要调用zell的操作 it was typical that occurring immediately wanted to call the operation zell before you.
显然 Clearly,
因为这片土地 because of the buffing land.
希特勒立即采取行动 Hitler acted immediately,
他派运输机去摩洛哥和六架战斗机作为陪护 he sent transport aircraft to Morocco and six fighter planes as an escort.
所有的一切都是一种粗糙的花束 在没有这种平均值的情况下 会有不同的方法 而酷的东西会崩溃 Without that average and the troop and flight
因此 德国必须承担起内战爆发的大部分责任 So Germany must bear much of the responsibility for the civil war ever erupting.
叛军 The rebels,
本来应该由圣克拉拉将军领导的 who were supposed to be led by General Santa Clara,
他被流放到葡萄牙 但当他的飞机在去西班牙的途中坠毁时 他被杀了 who had been banished to Portugal but he was killed when his plane crashed on its way to Spain.
因此 As a result,
弗兰卡接管了南方所有军队的指挥权 franca took over command of all troops in the South.
在北方 In the north,
毛拉将军继续前进 General mullah continued to advance,
弗朗哥的任务是夺取马德里 Franco was tasked with taking Madrid.
但令人惊讶的是 But surprisingly,
他改变了计划 把他的大部分军队派往托莱多 he changed the plan and sent most of his army to Toledo.
这座城市牢牢地掌握在共和党手中 The city was firmly in Republican hands.
这场围攻耗费了弗朗哥几个星期的时间 The siege cost Franco several weeks,
但最后他还是可以把羊驼的手臂 but in the end he was able to take the alpacas arm,
历史要塞 the historic fortress,
这在民族主义者的世界里是至关重要的 因为美国国家安全局几乎被看作是共和党生存的象征 是勇敢和牺牲的象征 and that was vital in the world of the nationalist because the NSA was seen almost as a symbol of Republican survival and of bravery and sacrifice.
因此 这对他来说是一个至关重要的时刻 他要准备他的领导才能完全控制民族主义运动 So that was the vital moment for him to prepare his leadership bid to have total control of the nationalist movement.
他的托莱多的胜利使弗朗哥很受欢迎 His Toledo triumph made Franco popular,
他用这种受欢迎的方式来宣传自己的目的 and he used that popularity for propaganda for his own ends.
就是这样 That's it,
弗朗哥上诉 Franco appealed,
就像民族主义者的听众 他们的直径是中产阶级的宗教胜利 like to the nationalists audience the diameters the very religious winning in the middle class.
那些害怕共产主义社会主义的人 因为他们认为他是最无情的 绝对是最坚定的将军们 Those who are terrified of of Communism socialism because they thought that he was the most ruthless and definitely the most determined of all the generals.
这几乎可以肯定是真的 And that is almost certainly true.
很久以来 希特勒和墨索里尼意识到欧洲的另一个法西斯国家是多么的有用 Hitler and Mussolini that long since realized how useful another fascist state in Europe could be.
但只有在一个条件下才能提供金钱和武器 But money and weapons would only be provided on one condition.
德国人和意大利人也不愿意在战场上与不同的指挥官进行谈判 the Germans and the Italians did not want to negotiate with various commanders on the battlefield.
他们只想要一个联系人 They wanted just one contact person,
弗朗哥就是这样的 and that was Franco like this.
叛军把弗朗哥变成了大元帅 The rebels made Franco there Generalissimo,
内战正在肆虐 The civil war was now raging.
全国各地 Throughout the country,
弗朗哥的民族主义叛军得到了上层阶级的公开支持 Franco's nationalist rebels were openly supported by the old upper class.
在政变之后 After the coup,
大地主 the big landowners,
银行家们 the bankers,
企业家和教会都恢复了自己的地位 the entrepreneurs and the church all regained their own position.
在共和国的一边 On the side of the Republic,
社会主义者的左翼联盟 a leftwing Alliance of socialists,
共产主义者和无政府主义者联合起来反对大笔的钱 communists and anarchists stood united against big money.
社会主义团体敦促工人们控制自己的工作场所 Socialist groups urged workers to take control of their places of work.
工厂被占领 他们的主人被锁起来 甚至被枪杀 Factories were occupied and their owners locked up or even shot.
劳动的利润 Profits from labor,
我们不再仅仅是在富人的口袋里 we're no longer to end up solely in the pockets of the rich.
农业工人也反抗并为农田的集体化而斗争 Agricultural workers also revolted and fought for the collectivization of farmland.
单单是巴塞罗那的骚乱就造成了四百人的死亡 而且前线的情况也很模糊 The unrest in Barcelona alone cost four hundred lives and often the fronts were blurred.
敌对团体之间的斗争从未结束 The battles between hostile groups were never ending.
我认为所有的将军们都希望内战能持续几周 I think all of the generals expected the civil war the war would last a couple of weeks.
我想弗朗哥 Franco, I think,
是少数几个认为会持续更久的人之一 was one of the few who thought that it would last longer.
这并不是说你认为它会持续三年 that's not to say you thought it would last three years,
但他也更加谨慎 but but he was more cautious too.
一段时间以来 For some time now,
最多样化的团体也一直与弗朗哥并肩作战 the most diverse groups had also been fighting alongside Franco.
成千上万的人拿起武器 Thousands took up arms.
君主主义者想要看到阿方索国王重新登上王位 Monarchists who wanted to see King Alfonso back on the throne.
天主教会 Carlists,
他想要一个像摄政王一样的小玩意 who wanted a bauble as regent.
以及慈善的西班牙人 And the philanthropic espanola who,
美化法西斯主义 glorified fascism.
直到内战爆发 弗朗哥才真正忽略了这一点 Franco really ignored the following here up until the outbreak of the civil war.
要记住 即使在1936年二月的选举中 Mandarin One must remember that even in the elections of February in 1936,
下面的这一项实现了 the following here achieved no less,
在西班牙 每个省的电压不超过一千伏 而且强度也不高 no more than about a thousand volts per province in Spain and its strength.
有趣的是在内战开始后 Funny enough came after the start of the civil war,
当何塞安东尼奥普里莫德里维拉已经被关进监狱的时候 when Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera was already in prison.
他已经被共和党政府逮捕了 He had been already been arrested by the Republican government.
弗朗哥认为武装法西斯分子对他非常有用 Franco saw that the armed fascists could be very useful to him.
在四月 In April,
他宣布这些志愿者是正式的国家党 并将自己置于自己的领导地位 he declared the volunteers to be the official state Party and placed himself at its head.
当他们在马德里游行时 As they marched on Madrid,
叛军摧毁了他们前进道路上的一切 the rebels destroyed everything in their path,
即使它没有军事意义 even if it was of no military importance.
记得曾经说过 We once said,
为了阻止西班牙马克思主义化，我会毫不犹豫地杀死半个西班牙 I would have no problem killing half of Spain just to stop it becoming Marxism.
他真的说过 He really said that.
成千上万的尸体为弗朗哥铺平了道路 Thousands of corpses paved Franco's way to power.
甚至连德国人都感到震惊 意大利人被残忍的人震惊了 And even the Germans were shocked and the Italians were shocked at times by the cruelty who shed.
他对意大利大使说了一件事 There's one point where he says to the Italian ambassador.
很多女性大使 Much ladies Ambassador,
我必须征服西班牙 I have to conquer Spain.
平方厘米平方厘米 Square centimetre by square centimeter.
因为我必须控制住在灯下的人 because I have to control the people who live on the lamp.
当希特勒谈到一千个雅虎蜂巢时 When Hitler talks of a thousand Yahoo hive.
这是短期思维 Franco That's shortterm thinking.
每个潜在的对手都在神秘的环境下被逮捕或失踪 Every potential opponent was arrested or disappeared under mysterious circumstances.
费德里科加西亚洛尔卡 Federico Garcia Lorca,
西班牙最著名的诗人之一 one of Spain's most famous poets,
也成为了系统净化的牺牲品 also fell victim to the systematic cleansing.
他的尸体被埋在路边 His body was simply buried by the roadside.
骆家辉有谋杀 成千上万的其他平民被认为远远超出了西班牙的边界 象征着内战的野蛮 Locke has murder and that of thousands of other civilians were seen far beyond Spain's borders as a symbol of the barbarity of the civil war.
当人们对大屠杀了解得越来越多时 全世界都感到震惊 The world was shocked as it learned more and more about the carnage.
这也是一场图画战争 It was also a war of pictures.
主要的新闻机构把他们最好的记者送到了西班牙 The major news agencies sent their best reporters to Spain.
就像摄影师罗伯特卡帕 Like photographer Robert Capa.
这张坠落的士兵的照片成为了二十世纪的象征 This picture of the falling soldier became an icon of the twentieth century.
一名德国记者也报道了西班牙赫伯特农场为几家报纸报道的内战 A German correspondent also reported from Spain Herbert Farm reported on the civil war for several newspapers,
他已经逃离了坚果 he had fled from the nuts,
最初是挪威的独裁政权 直到最近才改变了他的名字 a dictatorship initially to Norway and had only recently changed his name.
他现在称自己为维利勃兰特 He now called himself Willy Brandt.
西班牙内战在全世界引起了强烈的情感诉求 The Spanish civil war had an extraordinary emotional appeal right across the world.
所以 so,
从这个角度来看 from that point of view,
它似乎象征着整整一代人的重大冲突 it seemed to symbolize the great clash of a whole generation.
纳粹德国和意大利已经正式承认弗朗哥 Nazi Germany and Italy had already officially recognized Franco,
西班牙政府首脑 the Spain's head of government,
即使他的部队仍未占领马德里 even though his forces that still not take in Madrid.
而共和党则被国际部队加强了 And the Republicans were being reinforced by the International Brigades,
来自世界各地的志愿者 volunteers from all over the world.
很多人都有共产党员 many had Communists,
以前很少有人拿过武器 leanings and few had ever held a weapon before.
动机是阻止法西斯主义在欧洲的发展 The motivation was to stop the advance of fascism in Europe.
西班牙正在成为一个新的法西斯主义国家 Spain was on its way to becoming a new fascist state.
每个人都在打架 everybody's fight,
这一点变得很明显 and that became apparent very,
非常快 very quickly.
左翼斗士的队伍包括著名的知识分子 如作家欧内斯特海明威和乔治奥威尔 The ranks of the leftwing fighters included prominent intellectuals like writers Ernest Hemingway and George Orwell.
著名纪录片导演朱里斯 And eminent documentary filmmaker Juris,
来自荷兰的事件 events from the Netherlands.
在西班牙 In Spain,
在战争的战场上花了几个月的时间 Defend spent months filming in the theatres of war,
他的纪录片成为了国际上对法西斯主义的控诉 his documentary became an international indictment of fascism.
事件提供了一个不同的视角 从最坦诚的宣传 Events provided a different perspective from that the frankest propaganda.
他表现出了对内战的极度恐惧 He showed the sheer horror of the civil war.
这部纪录片 This documentary,
从西班牙人的角度来看 from the perspective of the Spanish people,
仍然被认为是杰作 is still regarded as a masterpiece.
欧洲其他国家对西班牙的事件采取了什么立场 And what position did the other countries in Europe take with regards to events in Spain?
在伦敦 非干预委员会是作为成员设立的 In London and non intervention committee was set up as members.
甚至德国和意大利都声称自己是中立的 even Germany and Italy claim to be neutral.
然而 他们早就在西班牙扮演了一个角色 Yet they had long been playing a role in Spain.
希特勒对 保卫战胜利最重要的贡献来自空中 Hitler's most important contribution to the victory of the franceustace was now coming from the air.
在沃尔夫拉姆冯希特霍芬的指挥下 公寓军团是德国空军的一个特殊单位 The condo legion was a special unit of the German air force under the command of Wolfram von Richthofen.
它的存在被官方拒绝了 直到1939年 Its existence was officially denied right up to 1939.
然而 德国人已经向弗朗哥的空中桥提供了至关重要的帮助 Yet the Germans had already provided crucial assistance with Franco's air bridge.
在政变开始的时候 最先进的技术 at the start of the coup basically has the top technology available,
这就产生了很大的不同 and it makes a big difference.
他有科索沃人在伦敦的帮助 He has the Kosovars help of London,
它阻止了共和国武装自己 which prevents the Republic arming itself,
他从墨索里尼那里得到了很多帮助 他有八万名意大利士兵 and he has a lot of help from Mussolini is eighty thousand with Italian troops.
他本可以很快地赢得这场战争 He could have won the war very quickly.
但是弗朗哥坚持他的策略是控制国家 But Franco persisted with his tactic of gaining control of the country.
米尺 meter by meter.
项目评论是墨索里尼提出的 Project comments were made by Mussolini,
而瓣膜则挂在孤儿的身上 and Valve Hung from late Orphan,
是谁在撕扯他们的头发 who were tearing their hair out.
而这种不必要的缓慢和疲惫的方式 弗朗哥和弗朗哥不知道如何发动战争 And this unnecessarily slow and exhausting approach by Franca Rude and Franco doesn't know how to wage war.
肯尼迪弗朗哥不是军事战略家 没有能力战斗 Kennedy Franco is no military strategist is incapable of fighting.
或者是总司令清楚地知道他在做什么 Or did the generalissimo know exactly what he was doing?
弗朗哥已经占领了南方 并稳定了他在马德里外的前线 Franco had already taken the South and stabilized his front outside Madrid.
现在他在四月份进入了西班牙北部 Now he advanced into northern Spain in April,
九千 nine thousand,
九百八十七 nine hundred and eighty seven.
他的部队把目光投向巴斯克城镇格尔尼卡 His troops set their sights on the Basque town of Guernica.
格尔尼卡曾是巴斯克人的圣地 也是他们独立的象征 Guernica had been a holy place for the Basques and a symbol of their independence.
从14世纪开始 ever since the fourteenth century.
市中心的一座桥被认为对共和党具有战略重要性 A bridge in the center of town was seen as being of strategic importance to the Republicans',
据说 allegedly,
当弗朗哥呼吁德国轰炸机的时候 when Franco called for the German bombers.
这座桥是唯一的目标 The bridge was to be the sole target.
公寓军团在镇上丢了大约30吨炸弹 The condo legion dropped some thirty tons of bombs on the town,
杀害了大约三百名公民 killing around three hundred of its citizens.
路易斯兰多才14岁 Louis Rando was fourteen years old.
在空袭的时候 At the time of the bombing raid,
他失去了亲人和朋友 he lost relatives and friends.
他的兄弟因为生活受到了创伤 His brother was traumatized for life.
当第一颗炸弹落下时 When the first bombs fell,
刘易斯刚好有足够的时间找到安全的地方 Lewis are just enough time to find safety.
所有的庇护所都没有完成 the shelters weren't even finished.
没有光 There was no light,
另一个没有通风 no ventilation.
我几乎不能在地球的大气层中呼吸 I could scarcely breathe.
我们坐在地上 之前我妈刚给我买了条新裤子 We sat on the floor the day before I been given a new trousers
警告我不要在这里弄脏 my mother warned me not to get them dirty
十五分钟后 After fifteen minutes,
有人说 someone said,
一切都结束了 it's over.
我们一离开收容所 As soon as we left the shelter.
铃声又响了起来 The bells started ringing again.
第一架飞机轰炸了这座桥 现在其他的飞机正在轰炸这座城市 The first planes have bombed the bridge and reform and now other aircraft are coming to bomb the town.
难以置信 Incredibly,
最后 in the end,
这座桥完好无损 the bridge remained intact,
整个城镇都在熊熊燃烧 whereas the entire town was in flames.
80%的建筑被毁 Eighty per cent of the buildings had been destroyed.
每周一 Every Monday,
格尔尼卡有一个受欢迎的农贸市场 a popular farmers market was held in Guernica.
而这正是一切发生的时候 And that is precisely when it all happened.
这就是为什么他们选择星期一进行轰炸 他们知道会有更多的人 That is why they chose the Monday for their bombing raid, they knew there would be more people.
我的意思是 I mean,it quite clear
如果你看看海豚的可怕 ithe terrible of dolphin,
他非常清楚地说明了这一切是怎么回事 he makes it absolutely clear what what it was all about.
这是一种恐怖行为 It was an act of terror.
从愿望中经常写维罗尼亚 From wished often wrote Veronica,
一个有五千居民的小镇被推倒在地 a town of five thousand inhabitants literally razed to the ground.
大火的开始和几栋建筑的倒塌是非常值得注意的 The start of the blaze and the collapse of several buildings was very interesting to observe.
从圣塞巴斯蒂安带来的微不足道的消防队的存在是无能为力的 The negligible fire brigade presence brought from San Sebastian was powerless.
在真实条件下 似乎不加区分地轰炸德国空军 有一个令人背信弃义的目的 There was a perfidious purpose behind the seemingly indiscriminate bombing for the German air force to practice under real conditions,
希特勒即将发动的战争 the Hitler's forthcoming war.
在这个幅员辽阔的国家发生的许多事情后来在波兰重演 Much of what happened in the vast country was repeated later in Poland.
对希特勒来说 For Hitler,
格尔尼卡只不过是第二次世界大战的训练而已 Guernica was nothing more than training for the Second World War.
我不认为 人们对加纳在篮下的象征意义和其他方面的重要性都不以为意 I didn't think that wreaked often had any idea of the symbolic importance of Guernica to the basket and all the rest of it.
就他而言 As far as he was concerned,
我认为这基本上是一种空中恐怖的演习 I think that it was just basically an exercise in aerial terror.
德国飞机还轰炸了教堂 以测试对坚固的石头建筑的影响 German aircraft also bombed churches to test the impact on solid stone buildings.
但是德国飞行员对弗朗哥和他的运动没有多少同情 But the German pilots had little sympathy for Franco and his movement.
国家社会主义有无神论的一面 There was an atheistic aspects to national socialism,
许多德国人不高兴政府为牧师和大地主们在晚上喝啤酒或喝杯酒而战 and many Germans were not happy that the government was fighting for clerics and big landowners over a beer or a glass of wine in the evening,
据称 人们会说他们实际上是在为错误的一方而战 it's alleged people would comment actually were fighting for the wrong side.
作为对轰炸的反应 In reaction to the bombing,
毕加索画了格尔尼卡 Picasso painted Guernica.
在巴黎举行的第19届世界博览会上 Shown at the nineteen thirty seven World Fair in Paris,
这项工作成为了举世闻名的西班牙人民苦难的象征 the work became world famous as a symbol of the suffering of the Spanish people.
格尔尼卡是第一次彻底毁灭 Guernica is the first total destruction.
战争史上未受保护的城镇 Of an unprotected town in the history of warfare.
弗朗哥比他所有的对手都要多 Franco had outlived all his rivals,
法西斯运动的创始人 the founder of the Fascist movement,
里维拉 Primo de Rivera,
是由共和党人执行的 was executed by the Republicans.
许多前同谋者落入敌人之手并被杀害 Many of the former coconspirators had fallen into enemy hands and been killed.
只有一般的毛拉才能对他在西班牙的权力提出质疑 Only general Mullah could still have contested his claim to power in Spain.
但他于一九三七年在一次空难中丧生 But he died in an air crash in nineteen thirty seven.
事故的原因尚未确定 The cause of the accident has never been established.
北部的阿拉贡省 The province of Aragon in the North,
它是少数几个仍然被共和党抵抗的地区之一 it was one of the few regions still held by the Republicans' resistance,
在比利时是最强的 were strongest in Belgium.
维托弗朗哥部署了他所有的军事力量 Vito Franco deployed all his military force is there?
他们袭击这个镇两个星期了 They attacked the town for two weeks?
最后 Finally,
加热器坏了 阿拉贡就倒下了 the heater was destroyed and Aragon fell.
弗朗哥现在几乎占据了整个西班牙的胜利 Franco now held virtually the whole of Spain is triumph,
几乎可以肯定 seemed almost certain.
但直到1938年7月 But it was not until July 1938,
决定性的战役发生了 that the decisive battle took place.
在四月 On the April,
位于加泰罗尼亚西南部的一条河流 a river in southwest Catalonia.
弗朗哥自己参加了战斗 Franco himself took part in the battle,
这是整个战争中时间最长也是最残忍的一场 one of the longest and most brutal of the entire war.
最后 In the end,
据说这条河是血红色的 it is said the river ran red with blood,
但秘密的决定性因素无疑是对瑞士法郎的总体空中优势 The decisive factor in the war was undoubtedly that a total air superiority on the francvistas
由于避孕套的起源 远景和燃料 and fuel thanks to the intervention of the condom origin.
因此 毫不夸张地说 没有德国或意大利 但主要是德国干预弗朗哥 很可能不会在内战中获胜 So it is no exaggeration to say that without German or Italian but primarily German intervention Franco and would probably not have triumphed in the civil war.
城市里还缺少些什么 What was still missing with the cities,
这个月的弗朗哥围攻了马德里和巴塞罗那 the month's Franco laid siege to Madrid and Barcelona.
切断与外界的联系 Cut off from the outside world,
他们的国民挨饿 their citizens starved.
在接下来的几个星期里 And for weeks on end,
这两个城市几乎每天都被轰炸 the two cities were bombed nearly every day.
他们看到周围的景色和宁静 They see the went around and tranquil.
第二天弗朗哥到了 The next day Franco arrived.
他的部队进军巴塞罗那 His troops marched into Barcelona,
我还能很清楚地记得 当你能看到它们从远处传来的时候 I can still remember it quite clearly you could see them coming from a distance.
我们还能开火 We could still have open fire,
但那将是毫无意义的 but that it would have been pointless.
共和国已经完了 the Republicans had already left.
战争和恐怖造成了一百万人死亡 The cost half a million dead through warfare and terror.
但是 如此多的痛苦和死亡怎么能与弗朗哥和他严格的天主教妻子的基督教信仰相一致呢 But how could so much suffering and death be compatible with the Christian faith of Franco and his strictly Catholic wife?
我们有轶事来说明当认识她的人向她求情时 We have anecdotes to the effect that when people who knew her interceded with her,
让她和弗朗哥谈话以阻止某人被处死 asking her to to talk to Franco to stop someone being executed.
她也会说 Also that she would say,
你知道 You know,
包太忙了 不能被这样的东西打断 以至于她什么也没做 Pack goes far too busy to be interrupted with something like this that that she did nothing.
据我们所知 As far as we know,
他的冷酷无情是两种软化或两种限制 too soften or too limit he's ruthlessness.
经过三年的内战 After three years of civil war,
那个喝酒的小男孩是西班牙的统治者 the small boy from alcohol was ruler of Spain.
弗朗哥已经实现了他的目标 Franco had achieved his goal.
但他的恐怖统治才刚刚开始 But his reign of terror was only just beginning.
PBS的美国继续关注西班牙历史上最黑暗的一章 PBS America continues its look at the darkest chapter in Spanish history.
关于弗朗哥的真相 in the truth about Franco.
接下来 next.
弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 Francisco Franco,
对西班牙的绝对统治者是欧洲历史上最神秘的独裁者之一 Absolute ruler over Spain was one of the most enigmatic dictators in European history.
即使在今天 Even today,
这个国家仍然有他统治的伤痕 the country still bears the scars of his reign.
希特勒谈到了一千雅虎 Hitler talks of a thousand Yahoo.
对弗朗哥来说 For Franco,
这是短期思维 that's shortterm thinking.
他在一场血腥的内战中夺取政权 用铁腕统治了这个国家四十年 He seized power in a bloody civil war and ruled the country with an iron hand for forty years.
甚至连德国人都感到震惊 意大利人也被残酷的暴行震惊了 And even the Germans were shocked and the Italians were shocked at times by the cruelties.
他准确地展示了他曾经说过 为了阻止西班牙成为马克思主义者 我不会有任何问题 He showed exactly how he once said I'd have no problem killing half of Spain just to stop it becoming Marxist,
一个身材矮小的暴君 a despot small in stature,
但是有一种强烈的权力本能 but with a pronounced instinct for power,
即使是最接近弗朗哥的人也很少能理解他 even those closest to Franco could rarely fathom him out.
当他说到你能想到的最令人难以置信的愚蠢的事情时 When he says the most mind bogglingly stupid things, you could imagine,
但与此同时 And yet at the same time,
他来了 he's quite coming.
在弗朗哥死后的1975年 In 1975 after Franco's death,
西班牙是一个分裂的国家 Spain was a divided country,
一个充满谜题的独裁者的遗产 the legacy of a dictator full of enigmas.
那么这个弗朗西斯科弗朗哥到底是谁呢 So who exactly was this Francisco Franco?
1939年四月 April 1939
三年的血腥内战夺去了一百万人的生命 使西班牙变成了一个不同的国家 three years of bloody civil war have claimed half a million lives and turn Spain into a different country.
没有希特勒的帮助 Without Hitler's help,
弗朗哥永远不会掌权 Franco would never have come to power.
公寓军团的德国轰炸机让民族主义者取得了胜利 The German bombers of the condo legion had enabled the nationalists to emerge victorious.
整个地区一片狼藉 Entire regions lay in ruins.
但不是表达感激 But instead of showing gratitude,
弗朗哥激怒了希特勒 Franco infuriated Hitler.
在家里 At home,
军阀对他妻子的爱比她在法律上的兄弟要多 the warlord was henpecked his wife sort of it than her brother in law,
被给予最高级别的职位 was given positions at the highest level.
这位不受欢迎的亲戚追求自己的目标 并可能对这位独裁者构成严重威胁 The unpopular relative pursued his own goals and could have posed a serious threat to the dictator.
在鸡笼成功之后 新政权的出现就被打上了标记 The emergence of the new regime was marked by subterfuge following the success of the coop.
弗朗哥要去了 Franco was to head.
过渡政府 The transitional government.
是尼古拉斯兄弟秘密修改了任命他的文件 Is brother Nicolas secretly altered the document appointing him.
尼科斯弗朗哥所做的 What Nikos Franco did,
当然 of course,
是他在最后一刻改变了宣言 was that he changed the proclamation at the last moment,
这引起了其他将军们的愤怒因为他被认为是西班牙政府的首脑在罪犯的墙的长度上 and this caused fury with the other generals because he was supposed to be just the head of the government of the Spanish state for the length of the war.
当这个宣言将要出版时 As this proclamation was going to press,
这一措辞从政府首脑变成了国家元首 the wording was changed from head of government to head of state.
因此 弗朗哥被自动任命为国家元首 Thus Franco was automatically appointed head of state.
弗朗哥现在几乎都是强大的 Franco was now virtually all powerful;
他早在几个月前就宣布了一个新的开始 he had already proclaimed a new beginning months before.
政治家的姿态 The pose of a statesman,
他向全世界伸出了他的手 he extended his hand to the whole world.
弗朗哥并不反对使用华丽的词和他的私人生活 他通常会在几个小时的时间里测试他的听众的耐心 Franca was not averse to using fine words and his private life either he would often test the patience of his listeners for hours on end.
弗朗哥 Franco,
私下里 in private,
当他在一起的时候 when he was with.
朋友们 Friends,
如果有人可以这样称呼他们 if one could call them that.
这是一个绝对的大嘴巴 It was an absolute blabber mouth.
你不能让他闭嘴 you couldn't shut him up,
你知道 you know.
当然 and of course,
一旦他掌权 once he was in power,
没人敢让他闭上 no one dared to shut him up.
内战之后 After the civil war,
西班牙分裂成赢家和输家 Spain split into winners and losers,
朋友和敌人 friends and enemies.
整个地区都被摧毁了 Whole regions had been devastated,
经济已经崩溃 the economy had collapsed.
大多数人都不知道他们将如何养活他们的家人 Most people have no idea how they were going to feed their family.
发生了饥荒 There was famine
就像中世纪和三十年战争时期 like in the Middle Ages and under Thirty Years' war.
人们不仅仅是挨饿 People weren't just hungry.
他们要饿死了 They were starving.
我们说的是全家崩溃 We're talking about total family that people collapsed.
他们上吊自杀 They died in the string,
你可能听起来有些夸张 You might sound exaggerated,
这就是发生的事情 it is that it is precisely what happened it.
弗朗哥给自己起了个 西班牙人国家元首 的头衔 Franco gave himself the title of cardio the Espana.
西班牙的政治和军事领导人 The political and military leader of Spain.
他和他的家人搬进了马德里的ElPardo宫殿 He and his family moved into the El Pardo Palace in Madrid,
这是国王狂妄自大的前避暑别墅 the former summer residence of the King megalomania for all to see.
如果你知道 你就不可能成为独裁者 You don't get to be a dictator if you know.
你不认为那是正常的生活吗 Don't you think that there was normal living?
唐纳德 特朗普是正常的 Donald Trumps normal.
我的意思是 I mean,
你知道 you know,
你为什么不呢 why aren't you?
独裁者是正常的 A dictator is to normal.
另一种权力的表达是弗朗哥的异国保镖 Another expression of power was Franco's exotic bodyguard,
戈比阿玛拉 the gorby amara.
这个摩洛哥精英部队强调了对西班牙在非洲殖民地的主权要求 This Moroccan elite force underlined the claim to sovereignty over Spain's colonies in Africa.
在他获胜两天后 Two days after his victory,
教会也承认弗朗哥 the church also recognize Franco,
西班牙的领导人 the Spain's leader.
他的匕首有福 象征着他把自己看作是信仰的捍卫者 He had his dagger blessed to symbolize that he saw himself as a defender of the faith.
即使在战争期间当他以暴力清洗国家时 教会领袖也一直给予他支持 Church leaders had constantly giving him their support even during the war as he went about cleansing the country with violence.
但是西班牙天主教会支持 But the Spanish Catholic Church had supported.
我们是否应该拯救那些在早期基本上不是天主教徒的人的杀戮我们在西班牙只有那些特别的宗教法庭 should we save the killing of anybody who was basically not Catholic in the earlier periods we've had the inquisition during those particular only in Spain.
西班牙宗教法庭在19世纪早期重新引入了吗 Was the Spanish Inquisition unit reintroduced again in the early part of the nineteenth century?
因此 西班牙天主教会是整个欧洲最保守的教会 So Spanish Catholic Church was the most reactionary in certainly the whole of Europe.
弗朗哥认为民主是危险的 Franco regarded democracy as dangerous;
他为被征服的地区任命了一个专制政府 he had appointed an authoritarian government for conquered regions,
甚至在战争期间 even during the war.
在1939年的夏天 In the summer of nineteen thirty nine,
他又任命了第二个 he appointed a second one.
这个政府代表了反叛的美国最重要的家庭 This government represented the most important families of the rebel US.
一方面 On the one hand,
这是一个军事霸权 there was a military hegemony.
然后还有右翼天主教权威机构 Then there will also the rightwing Catholics,
王权拥护者 the carlists,
长枪党 the falangists,
和个别技术官僚 and a few technocrats.
他们都臣服于弗朗哥 They were all subservient to Franco.
他的模型中有意大利和德国的法西斯政权及其领导人 His models with a fascist regimes in Italy and Germany and their leaders,
墨索里尼和希特勒 Mussolini and Hitler.
在西班牙 In Spain,
法西斯分子的罗马式敬礼被引入 the socalled Roman salute of the Fascists was introduced.
El líder的概念 the concept of El líder
这位领导人被德国国家社会主义所采纳 弗朗哥是法律的唯一来源 The leader was adopted from German National socialism Franco was the sole source of law.
他将感谢希特勒 he will thank Hitler.
他的意志是法律 His will was law.
像希特勒一样 like Hitler too,
他不受任何限制 he was not subject to any restrictions.
一个家庭成员成为了新西班牙的关键人物 A family member who became a key figure in the new Spain,
RobinSerranoSonja Robin Serrano Sonja,
他是弗朗哥妻子的兄弟 the Brother in Law of Franco's wife.
她尊敬刚和她姐姐结婚的聪明律师 She revered the smart lawyer who had just married her sister.
弗朗哥对拉蒙希望得到政治职位看法并不乐观 Franco was far from happy about Carmen wish Ramon to be given political office.
弗朗哥反对他内弟的一个原因是当弗朗哥在家里高谈阔论时 拉蒙想说话 One of the reasons why Franco turned against his brother in law was that when Franco was talking rubbish in the family home and Ramon wanted to say anything
卡门会说闭嘴听拉蒙说 Carmen would say package, just shut up and listen to Ramon.
谁知道他在说什么 Who knows what he's talking about.
他的新内弟小Serranos The new brother in law, Serranos Jr,
是一个非常正确的官员 was a far right functionary.
在整个西班牙法西斯运动中 In the full length of the Spanish Fascist movement.
弗朗哥让长枪党成员穿上蓝衬衫 Franco made the falangist whose members always appeared in blue shirts.
国家党 The State Party.
小Serrano也比弗朗哥更有效率 Serrano Jr. was also much more part NAZI than Franco.
他与希姆莱建立了密切的关系 He had established close relations with Himmler.
他认为 在西班牙 他们应该模仿纳粹党的很多东西 He thought that basically in Spain they should do imitate many more things of the the Nazi Party,
从这个意义上说 他和这个人的关系很长 and that in that sense he was very much closer to the lot for long here.
弗朗哥在意识形态上的不满 Much to Franco's displeasure ideologically,
西班牙的法西斯分子正越来越接近德国纳粹党 Spain's Fascists were moving ever closer to the German Nazi Party.
这个内弟很快成为他的主要人物 Despite this brother in law Serrano Jr. soon became his main.
他的工作是试图建立一个国家 这意味着试图建立政府部门等等 He assumes the job of trying to create a state which means trying to create ministries and so on.
除非他做得很好 unless he does very,
很好 他为弗朗哥在州创造了 very well and he creates for Franco in the state.
不安分的塞拉诺索尼娅很快控制了媒体和宣传机器 The restless Serrano Sonya soon controlled the press and the propaganda machine,
他喜欢走自己的路 he liked to go his own way,
后来证明这是他的祸根 which later proved to be his undoing.
在西班牙内战结束五个月后 Five months after the Spanish civil war came to an end,
希特勒入侵波兰 Hitler invaded Poland.
这是第二次世界大战的开始 It was the start of the Second World War,
这是一系列反人类罪行的开端 the beginning with a chain of crimes against humanity.
基本上 Basically,
很明显 it was clear,
在这一边 西班牙站在意识形态上 on which side Spain stood ideologically,
但是弗朗哥不愿意做出承诺 but Franco was reluctant to commit himself.
他不想过多地依赖法西斯主义国家和穹顶之下的德国 He did not want to depend too much on the Fascist States and Dome Germany,
但与此同时 他不得不为地区的行为付出代价 but at the same time he had to pay back for the conduct of region.
这就是为什么鱼类又成为了西班牙饮食中蛋白质的重要组成部分的原因之一 And this is one of the reasons why again fish then became such an important part of the Spanish diet for protein,
因为基本上 because basically,
猪 the pigs,
绵羊和牛都被运往德国 作为文化地区的一部分 the sheep and the cattle were all being shipped off to Germany as part payment for the cultural region.
没有德国公寓军团的飞机 Without the aircraft of the German condo legion,
弗朗哥在内战中的胜利是不可能的 Franco's triumph in the civil war would not have been possible.
数以百计的西班牙城镇和村庄遭到轰炸 以换取援助 Hundreds of Spanish towns and villages were bombed in return for that assistance.
弗朗哥现在为德国提供原材料和食物 Franco was now supplying Germany with raw materials and food,
但是国家元首并没有准备好走得更远 but jefe de Estado was not prepared to go any further,
至少不是正式的 at least not officially.
他很谨慎 因为他必须与英国和美国打交道 He is cautious because he had to deal with Britain and America,
它控制着燃料和食物的控制 which held the held control over fuel and food.
为了这个 For that.
这是至关重要的吗 what that was crucial?
但他急切地想要得到德国的帮助 But he was desperate to to secure help from Germany,
他急切地想帮助德国 he was desperate to help Germany.
弗朗哥处于一种固定的状态 他必须保证严格的中立 Franco was in a fix he had to pledge strict neutrality.
但在幕后 他继续与希特勒合作 But behind the scenes he continued to cooperate with Hitler.
尽管它是中立的 despite its neutral front,
西班牙实际上是第四个轴心国 Spain was actually the fourth member of the Axis,
德国的秘密机构在西班牙不受阻碍 Germany's secret services operated unhindered in Spain.
而我是五米六吗 Whereas am I five EMI six?
在特勤处 In the secret service,
我们将让他们接受警方的严密监督 we will get them to close police scrutiny.
西班牙不是一个中立国家 Spain was no neutral country.
在1940年五月和六月 德国军队占领了荷兰 In May and June 1940 German forces conquered the Netherlands,
比利时和法国 Belgium and France.
弗朗哥面临着一个艰难的抉择 Franco was faced with a difficult decision.
他是否应该效仿意大利的做法 在希特勒那边参战 should he follow Italy's example and enter the war on Hitler side?
在德国军队进入巴黎之前不久 弗朗哥宣布他的国家已经采取了新的立场 Shortly before German troops entered Paris Franco announced that his country had adopted a new position.
西班牙放弃了中立性将自己定义为非好战性 而实际上它并没有参战 Spain abandoned its neutrality and defined itself as non belligerent taste that it was now not actually in the war.
然而它与其中一个好战性结盟 However,it had aligned itself with one of the belligerence.
弗朗哥是一个聪明的机会主义者 他能够用正确的意识形态来掩饰自己 给他力量 让他拥有你所需要的力量 Franco was a brilliant opportunist who was able to cloak himself in the right ideologies to give him the strength that you need it.
但就他而言 But as far as he was concerned,
权力是主要的 power alone was the main.
主要的问题 The main question.
在德国战胜法国之后 Following Germany's victory over France,
许多西班牙公民也不得不为自己的生活担忧 many Spanish citizens also had to fear for their lives.
在西班牙内战期间 During the Spanish civil war,
将近一百万人逃往法国 nearly half a million but fled to France,
左翼政客和知识分子 leftwing politicians and intellectuals.
他们现在正处于盖世太保的视野中 They were now in the sights of the Gestapo.
在巴黎 In Paris,
大约一万五千名西班牙流亡者被捕 around fifteen thousand Spanish exiles were arrested.
他们被认为是危险的共产主义者 They were regarded as dangerous Communists.
8月初第一批西班牙人被送往集中营 At the beginning of August at the first Spanish nationals were sent to a concentration camp.
当时 在德国的旧边界之外只有一个集中营 At the time there was only one concentration camp outside Germany's old borders,
那是奥地利的山屋或门户 that was mount housing in Mauthausen.
和他的父亲一起 Together with his father,
科西玛菲尔德也被纳粹党卫军逮捕 并被驱逐到MountHouse Cosima Field was also arrested by the SS and deported to Mauthausen.
他曾为共和国而战 而在法国 他加入了抵抗运动 He had fought for the Republic and in France he had joined the resistance.
高级军官来了 做了一个演讲 你从这扇门进来，他说 High ranking officer arrived and made a speech. You came in through this door,he said.
但这是你将永远活下去的方式 But that is how you will live.
他指的是火葬场的一个烟囱 and he pointed to one of the chimneys at the crematorium,
从它到圆盘的烟雾 which had smoke coming from it to disk.
在第一批西班牙公民被派往MtHouse之前 Before the first Spanish nationals were sent to Mt House,
德国驻马德里大使馆联系了西班牙政府 问他们应该怎么对待他们的同胞 the German Embassy in Madrid that contacted the Spanish Government and asked what should be done with their fellow countrymen,
弗朗哥的部门没有表现出任何反应 Franco's ministries showed no reaction.
弗朗哥对被派往Mt的西班牙流亡者的命运完全漠不关心 Franco was totally indifferent to the fate of Spanish exiles who were sent to Mt,
艾莉森或者是集中营 Alison or rather concentration camps.
他们是赤色分子 They were red,
在他眼里他们不是西班牙人 In his eyes they were not Spanish,
只是疥疮上的污垢 just the scabies,
他对他们毫无兴趣 but are of no interest to him.
我失去了左眼和一击 I lost my left eye and a beating.
突然间一切都变白了 suddenly everything was white.
事情就这样持续了一段时间 things stayed that way for a while.
然后 亮度开始减弱 then the brightness started to fade.
但我的左眼看不见了 but I couldn't see out of my left eye.
我假装很好 I pretended to be fine.
他们注意到我出了什么问题 They noticed that something was wrong with me.
我会直接去看马球的照片 I'd have gone straight to the crematory.
大多数其他犯人都死了 因为对他们银行的打击打破了他们的核心 Most other inmates died because the blows to their banks broke their spines.
JoseMara觉得父亲是第一个死于集中营的西班牙人 Jose Mara feels father was the first Spaniard to die in a concentration camp.
到战争结束时 By the end of the war,
纳粹杀害了6万5千名西班牙囚犯 the Nazis had murdered six and a half thousand Spanish prisoners in mount housing alone.
正式地说 Officially,
弗朗哥不愿意干预战争 Franco was unwilling to intervene in the war.
但在法国被打败后 But after France was defeated,
他的部队占领了丹吉尔附近具有重要战略意义的地区 his troops occupied the strategically important region around Tangier.
弗朗哥 Franco,
这是早期的一个机会 once again was an opportunity in the early period,
特别是 in particular,
1940年法国沦陷 from the 1940 and the collapse of France.
他认为 有可能接管法国的一些省份或法国在北非的领土 因为他喜欢重新建立西班牙帝国的想法 He saw the possibility of taking over some of the French provinces or the French territories in North Africa because he loved the idea of reestablishing the Spanish empire.
希特勒的下一个计划是打败英国 Hitler's next plan was to defeat Britain.
如果他能成功地占领直布罗陀 If he could succeed in taking Gibraltar,
他几乎控制了地中海 he would virtually control the Mediterranean.
一个侦察小组已经起草了一个计划行动 A reconnaissance team had already drawn up a plan operation,
感觉 feelings.
位于西班牙的南端 Located at the southern tip of Spain,
直布罗陀已经被英国占领了三百年 Gibraltar had been occupied by the British for three hundred years.
加强海军基地的防御很好 It's fortified naval base was well defended.
希特勒计划从西班牙大陆袭击直布罗陀 他所需要的只是弗朗哥的许可 Hitler's plan to attack Gibraltar from the Spanish mainland all he needed was Franco's permission.
弗朗哥当然不喜欢一千九百四十一年德国军队进入伊比利亚半岛的想法纯粹是因为他出于民族自豪感 Franco was certainly not keen on the idea of any German troops moving into the Iberian Peninsula in one thousand nine hundred and forty one purely because he out of national pride,
他们穿越西班牙的领土去占领直布罗陀的想法 the idea of them crossing Tet Spanish territory to take Gibraltar,
但也因为如果要取水 but also because if the water has to be taken,
他想要他自己 he wanted it for himself.
德国打算用一支一万六千人的部队来打破英国的抵抗 Germany intended to break British resistance with a force of sixteen thousand troops.
但是弗朗哥拒绝批准这个计划 But Franco refused to approve the plan.
他害怕英国人 He feared the British.
如果西班牙公开参与战争 If Spain openly participated in the war,
他在大西洋和地中海的岛屿将受到威胁 his islands in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean would be threatened.
他也非常清楚 如果是这样的话 盟军会采取报复行动 And he also knew perfectly well that the Allies would retaliate if that was the case,
他知道他们会去加那利群岛 and he knew that they would go for the Canary Islands,
所以他会失去加那利群岛 and so he would lose the Canary Islands.
希特勒和弗朗哥需要彼此 Hitler and Franco needed each other,
但他们从未成为朋友 but they never became friends.
他们在法国边境城镇的唯一一次会面是一次令人尴尬的失败 Their only meeting in the French border town of one day was an embarrassing failure.
弗朗哥到达时迟到了 Franco was late in arriving.
希特勒不得不在站台上等着 Hitler had to wait on the platform.
当西班牙领导人最终到达时 When the Spanish leader finally arrived,
他惊人的自信 he cut a surprisingly self confident figure.
他要求经济援助 He demanded economic aid,
在非洲的武器和法国领土 arms and French territory's in Africa,
但他不能被诱导参与到战争中来 but he could not be induced to participate in the war.
希特勒对弗朗哥的愤怒是他在家中去世的结果 Hitler was exasperated with Franco was a result of the meeting at home die,
他意识到 he realized,
事实上 in fact,
弗朗哥不打算为他做任何事 that Franco was not going to do anything for him.
基本上 Basically,
他将以绝对最小的速度做 但尽量得到他所能得到的尽可能多的东西 he was going to do at the absolute minimum and yet try to get as much as he possibly could.
摆脱它 Out of it.
这两个独裁者商议了九个小时 The two dictators conferred for nine hours.
固执的西班牙人激怒了希特勒 The stubborn Spaniard infuriated Hitler.
嗯 Well,
当然 of course,
惩罚 punishment.
希特勒的翻译 The Hitler's interpreter.
后来写到 wrote later,
裁缝非常生气 the tailor went off very angry,
说他宁愿要三颗牙 saying he'd rather have three teeth,
在没有麻醉的情况下拔出来 而不需要再花一两个小时在弗兰卡上 pulled out without anaesthetic than have to spend another hour or two into Franca.
这次会议至少为弗朗哥提供了一张能给家乡留下深刻印象的照片 The meeting did at least provide Franco with a photograph that would make an impression back home.
但这张照片是原始快照上的一个粗糙的赝品 But the picture was a crude fake on the original snapshot.
弗朗哥闭上了眼睛 Franco had his eyes closed.
现在他对他有一种至高无上的感觉 now he had a sovereign look about him.
另一张照片上的头被卡住了 The head from a different photograph had simply been stuck on.
这张照片与原会场的其他照片进行了比较 this picture is compared with other photographs from the original venue.
假的弗朗哥不是一天之内的弗朗哥 他拜访了大卫 The Franco on the fake is not the Franco who was in one day and called in on David.
根据秘密协议 According to a secret protocol,
弗朗哥只提供了西班牙加入战争的模糊前景 Franco only offered a vague prospect of Spain entering the war,
希特勒也没有做出任何坚定的承诺 and Hitler did not make any firm promises either.
会议结束时 when the conference was over,
希特勒说 因为你不能对这个人做任何事 Hitler said Because you can't do anything with this man,
弗兰卡认为德国人精神错乱 没有礼貌 While Franca reckoned that Germans are mentally disturbed and have no manners,
尽管如此 Nevertheless,
弗朗哥答应为德国人提供钨 Franco promised to supply the Germans with tungsten,
一种对武器工业至关重要的金属 a metal vital to the armaments industry.
他还把DVD寄给了一个傻瓜 He also sent the DVD on a fool.
一群蓝色志愿军 The blue division, an army of volunteers,
为希特勒的俄国战役提供支持 to provide support for Hitler's Russian campaign.
这个想法来自他的内弟 The idea came from Brother in law,
就是这样 你可以说这是他能做的最起码的事 It was it that way you could say it was the least he could do.
这是一种支持的姿态 It was a gesture of support.
它去掉了一些麻烦的元素 It got rid of some troublesome elements.
你知道一些更热情的语言学家想要做他们所谓的 革命的布隆迪日 You know some of the more enthusiastic philologists who wanted to make what they call La Revolucion Burundian day.
这是一场革命 The depending revolution.
西班牙的法西斯主义者相信共产主义的叛徒 Spain's fascists in the philosophy were convinced Communist traitors.
他们呼吁与希特勒的德国进行更密切的合作 They called for much closer cooperation with Hitler's Germany.
弗朗西斯科阿玛尼古奇自愿签约 Francisco Armani, Gucci signed up voluntarily.
他太年轻 不能在内战中作战 He had been too young to fight in the civil war.
但现在他迫切地想要加入蓝色部门 But now he desperately wanted to join the blue division.
当Serrano说 when Serrano said,
这是俄罗斯的错 it is Russia's she fault,
我认为这是我的机会 I thought this is my chance.
和其他许多人一样 我签了 with many others I signed up.
我们也是自愿的 因为我们想回报德国人 We also volunteered because we wanted to get the German something back.
这是因为他们在内战中对弗朗哥的支持 It'll because of their support for Franco in the civil war.
在1941年 In nineteen forty one,
首批一万八千名士兵抵达德国接受基本训练 the first eighteen thousand troops arrived in Germany for basic training.
最初 Originally,
弗朗哥想派遣不超过四千人的部队 Franco wanted to send no more than four thousand troops,
但是有四倍的年轻男性注册了 but four times as many young men signed up.
在军事训练基地和格拉夫伯格 他们在德军制服前练习 On the military training ground and grafenberg they practised for the front in German uniforms.
这是一个五周的速成班 It was a five week crash course.
大多数年轻的西班牙士兵没有任何军事经验 Most of the young Spanish soldiers had no military experience whatsoever.
他们给了我们手榴弹 They gave us hand grenades me.
我也有一个 I got one too.
他们拉了一支笔 我扔了手榴弹 They pulled a pen and I threw the grenade.
并没有很远 It didn't go very far off,
军士长跳了起来 The Sergeant major leapt forward.
捡起手榴弹 picked up the grenade.
扔开很远 And pick a long way,
我没有情绪 我也没有受过训练 I didn't have the strength and I hadn't been training.
这是我的第一个手榴弹 它还活着 It was my first hand grenade and it was alive.
两个月后 Two months later,
西班牙军队去了俄罗斯 the Spanish troops left for Russia.
蓝师参与了对列宁格勒的进攻 The blue division took part in the attack on Leningrad.
一开始 At first,
德国士兵取笑他们的西班牙同志 the German soldiers made fun of their Spanish comrades.
他们已经准备好了 They were ready for anything.
你所指挥的德国军队 The German army you command to begin with,
当然 of course,
是非常愤世嫉俗和怀疑的 was very cynical and skeptical,
因为他们在西班牙内战中所看到的并没有给他们留下深刻的印象 because they had not been very impressed from what they'd seen during the Spanish civil war.
但我认为他们看到他们在列宁格勒前线英勇作战 令人印象深刻 But I think they saw them fight very bravely and impressively on the Leningrad front,
所以他们的态度改变了 and so their attitude change.
在俄罗斯的严冬 In the bitter Russian winter,
弗朗哥的部队遭受了重大损失 Franco's troops suffered heavy losses.
苏联军队顽强抵抗 The Soviet army put up fierce resistance.
超过四千名西班牙士兵在战斗中丧生 More than four thousand Spanish soldiers died in battle.
冻死了 Froze to death.
一定是在圣诞节前 It must have been just before Christmas.
俄罗斯发动了三次重大袭击 the Russians launched three major attacks.
我拿着机关枪 I was carrying the machine gun.
我们面前的一些距离 some distance in front of us,
我们可以看到三棵巨大的雪覆盖树 we could see three huge snow cover trees.
俄国人藏在那里 the Russians had concealed themselves there,
我们正在前进 and we're now advancing.
他们是蒙古人或西伯利亚人 喝着伏特加 全身穿着白色或兔子的衣服 They were Mongols or Siberian high on vodka and clad entirely in white or rabbits.
我们用机关枪把他们赶回来 但过了一会儿 we drove them back with the machine gun but after a while
他们再次前进 这样有三次 they advanced again. That have three times
然后安静下来 Then it was quiet.
在伦敦 In London,
丘吉尔政府担心西班牙对希特勒的支持越来越多 Churchill's government was alarmed that Spain's growing support for Hitler.
英国人担心弗朗哥很快就会公开进入德国的战争 必须不惜一切代价阻止这场战争 The British feared that Franco would soon openly enter the war on Germany side that had to be prevented at all costs.
如果有必要 If necessary,
即使采用非正统的方式 even with unorthodox means.
他们组织了一次贿赂行动 they organized a bribery operational,
弗朗哥的哥哥 Franco's brother,
和一些将军们得到了钱来劝阻他不要参加轴心国的战争 and a few generals were offered money to dissuade him from entering the war on the side of the Axis powers.
弗朗哥在他的祝福下玩了一场危险的游戏 Franco was playing a dangerous game with his blessing.
德国海军在加纳利群岛拥有重要的基础 The German navy was operating important basis in the Canary Islands.
德国潜艇在西班牙群岛的港口加油 German submarines were refueling in ports in the Spanish Group of Islands.
在西班牙 And in Spain,
无希特勤处在德国之外经营着一家最大的机构 Hitless Secret Service was running its biggest agency outside Germany.
但是自从内战以来 but since the civil war,
美国一直在向西班牙提供援助 the United States had been supplying Spain with aid.
这是弗朗哥不愿意冒失去美国的风险 And that was something Franco was unwilling to risk losing America,
即使他们不能以任何方式支持 even though they could not in any way a support.
英国在与希特勒的战斗中 通过威胁切断小麦进口和石油 帮助弗朗哥远离战争 Britain in the fight against Hitler were able to help keep Franco out of the war by threatening to cut off wheat imports and oil.
这也是为什么弗朗哥不能完全与希特勒结盟的原因之一 And that's one of the reasons why Franco could not align himself completely with Hitler.
首先 First and foremost,
这是弗朗哥的内弟小Serranos it was Franco's brother in law,Serranos Jr,
正在与德国发展关系 who was cultivating relations with Germany.
在西班牙军队的眼中 In the eyes of the Spanish military,
他变得太强大了 he was getting too powerful.
1941年早期 In early 1941,
他有效地控制了外交部的内部和下面的费 he effectively control the Ministry of the Interior of the Foreign Ministry and the following Fei,
在那个时候 将军开始密谋反对他 他们会向弗朗哥抱怨 and at that point the general started to conspire against him and they would complain to Franco.
不像弗朗哥 Unlike Franco,
桑娅想立刻参加战争 Sonya wanted to enter the war at once,
很快 它就代表了德国的利益 越来越激烈地代表了克拉丽莎的小组成员 Sonya was now representing German interests more and more vehement.
事实上 1941年5月末 In fact, In the end in May,1941
那些反对战争的西班牙将军们被带到英国 the Spanish generals who were against the war and were being arrived by the British.
他们去找英国人 问他们是否说过 They went to the British and asked them
我们要面对裸体的意外 What Serranos Sonya were to meet with an accident
到目前为止 By now,
弗朗哥还发现 他那急切的内弟变得太强大了 Franco also found that his eager brother in law was becoming too powerful.
Serrano索尼娅对战争的热情破坏了他谨慎行事的政策 而不是承诺 Serrano Sonia's enthusiasm for the war was jeopardizing his policy of cautious maneuvering and not commitment,
这是独裁者所不能容忍的 and that is something no dictator can tolerate.
弗朗哥对周围的人从来都不太自在 最终在1941年入侵俄国的关键时刻把他赶了出来 Franco was never entirely at ease with Serrano and eventually got rid of him at a key moment during the time when the invasion of Russia was taking place in 1941.
不久之后 弗朗哥一家 A short time later the Franco household,
被驱逐的内弟是要制造更多的敌人 the ousted brother in law was to make even more enemies.
在1942年 一部名为Ratha的故事片在西班牙电影院上映 In 1942 a feature film entitled Ratha played in Spanish cinemas.
它讲述了一个从19世纪到内战期间的家庭故事 It told the story of a family from the nineteenth century through to the civil war.
主题是背叛和英雄的死亡 The themes were treachery and heroic death,
但最重要的是爱国主义 but above all,patriotism
很少有人知道 这是根据弗朗哥自己化名创作的剧本改编而成的 Was few people knew was that it was based on a screenplay written along with the production directions by Franco himself under a pseudonym.
事实上 主要人物确实很像独裁者 and indeed the main character did resemble the dictator.
他们不可能对自己做所有的事 They couldn't have done it all about himself.
这完全是自传式的 It's totally autobiographical,
而英雄显然是他自己 and the hero is clearly himself.
据说他过去每周至少看一次电影 会哭着哭 It said that he used to watch the film at least once a week and would cry buckets.
在西班牙 In Spain,
一种新的国家弗朗哥风格的基础正在变得清晰 没有宪法 the foundations of a new State Franco style were becoming clear No constitution,
只有法律 just laws.
他已经宣布了第一个 He had already announced the first one.
劳动宪章 The Labor Charter,
如大家所知 as it was known,
当内战仍在肆虐的时候 while the civil war was still raging.
法律承诺工作是最低工资保障 甚至是带薪假期 The law promised work is a minimum wage insurance and even paid holidays,
但最重要的是 but first and foremost,
它加强了企业家的权利 it reinforced the rights of entrepreneurs.
工资是由国家规定的 Wages were dictated by the state,
而罢工被认为是一种严重的违法行为 and striking was seen as a serious offence.
维克多在任何可能的情况下都尝到了胜利果实的滋味 Victor's tasted the fruits of their triumph wherever possible,
所以剥削继续像以前一样 so exploitation continued as before,
大地主们比以往任何时候都更加残酷和激进 The big landowners were more brutal and more radical than ever.
在第二个基本定律中 In a second fundamental law,
弗朗哥宣布成立新议会 Franco proclaimed the creation of the new Parliament.
正式地说 Officially,
它是人民的最高代表 it was to be the supreme representation of the people.
在现实中 In reality,
尽管如此 though,
这只不过是一个政治背景和一个由弗朗哥的恩典组成的集会 it was to be nothing more than a political backdrop and assembly by the grace of Franco,
在最好的情况下 它被允许向独裁者提出建议 which at best was allowed to make suggestions to the dictator.
没有任何立法性质或职能 它只是建议国家元首开始或鞠躬 It had no legislative character or function is that it merely advised the head of state.
经济政策是弗朗哥新州的重要支柱 Economic policy was an important pillar in Franco's new state.
目的是让西班牙独立于世界市场 The aim was for Spain to become independent of the world market,
一种仅以西班牙原材料为基础的国家自助服务 a kind of national self provider solely on the basis of Spanish raw materials.
弗朗哥甚至想要解释生产自己的武器和飞机 Franco even want to explain to produce its own armaments and aircraft.
弗朗哥认为 西班牙必须自我净化 任何方式都是通过消除所有外来影响 Franco believes that the Spanish nation had to purge itself and the any way was by cutting out all foreign influences.
这就是为什么autarky对他的吸引力 我认为是这样的 And that's why autarky appeal to him and I think in that particular way.
但痛苦是令人震惊的 but the suffering was appalling.
我指的是西班牙的饥荒 I mean the starvation in Spain.
所有错过的人都处于半饥饿的边缘 Everybody who missed was on the brink of semi starvation.
除了那些显示我们在政府或商界人士中重要的人 等等 Apart from those who show we say important in the government or business people and so forth.
这场危机对许多人来说是灾难性的 The crisis reached catastrophic proportions for many.
宣传口号 The propaganda slogan.
没有面包的西班牙人是纯粹的犬儒主义 No Spaniard without bread was sheer cynicism.
内战结束三年后 Three years after the end of the civil war,
对大多数人来说 for most of the population,
饥饿是日常生活的一部分 hunger was a part of everyday life.
没有什么东西可以吃 there was simply nothing to eat.
那时我母亲独自一人要养活五个孩子 and that at a time when my mother was on her own and had five children to feed.
我的学校就在我们家的拐角处 aMy school was just around the corner from our house
在休息时间我拿到面包黄油和糖 at break time I handed out bread and butter and sugar
我总是把我从母亲那里得到的东西存起来 I always saved what I got from my mother.
有一天 One day,
一位老师注意到了 问我打算什么时候吃 a teacher noticed them and asked me when I plan to eat it
我解释说我想把它带回家给我妈妈 I explained that I wanted to take it home for my mother.
跟我走，他说 come with me, he said.
我再给你一些面包 I'll give you some more bread.
他们只是讨厌你得到的东西 把其他的面包拿走 It could been given and put the other bread away.
这是给你妈妈的 That's for your mother.
弗朗哥的经济政策完全失败了 Franco's economic policy was a total failure;
如果不是来自美国的谷物进口 had it not been for grain imports from America,
西班牙早就完蛋了 Spain would have been finished.
许多人为了生存而交换了最后的财产 Many people exchanged the last possessions for food just to survive.
交易员变得富有 Traders became rich.
另一项法律旨在保护弗朗哥对权力的控制 Another law was designed to safeguard Franco's grip on power.
普通公民被禁止从事任何形式的政治活动 Ordinary citizens were banned from engaging in any form of political activity.
工会会员和老党派成员被怀疑是叛乱分子 他们不得不为自己的生命担忧 Trade unionists and members of the old parties were suspected of being insurgents they had to fear for their lives.
弗朗哥不再参与政治 Franco no longer engaged in politics,
他在追求一个神圣的计划 he was pursuing a divine plan.
在这一初步程序中 判决通过之前 人们几乎没有采取行动 你必须去找另一个律师 或者是最诚实的军事法律的一员 This preliminary proceedings were held in which verdicts were passed before people had barely taken their scenes that you had to go to another lawyer at all or a member of the Frankest military laws.
我们在任何地方都有偏见 We was totally biased anyway.
追溯地 retroactively,
弗朗哥让每个人都受到惩罚 Franco had everyone punished who,
就像他说的 as he put it,
扰乱了社会安宁 had disturbed the social peace.
他指的是前共和国的所有支持者 By that he meant all supporters of the former Republic,
政客们 politicians,
作家和老师 writers and teachers.
任何反对意见都要从国家的利益中被扼杀在萌芽之中 Any opposition was to be nipped in the bud from the good of the nation.
当弗朗哥说西班牙的时候 When Franco says Spain.
这种情况一直持续到他死的那天 And this goes on right till the day he dies.
他指的不是西班牙 你的意思是 我的意思是他指的是整个国家 He doesn't mean Spain in the way you mean is that I mean he just mean all of the country.
他的意思是 He means.
那些和我们一样思考的人 Those who think like we do.
这是恐怖统治的开始 It was the start of a reign of terror.
为了对所谓的国家敌人进行再教育 建造了超过一百七十个集中营 More than a hundred and seventy concentration camps were built to reeducate alleged enemies of the State.
弗朗哥对真实的和假定的反对者的运动继续进行大规模的逮捕和处决 Franco's campaign against real and presumed opponents continued with mass arrests and executions.
在内战后的几年里 At the years after the civil war,
弗朗哥自己总是谈到胜利 Franco himself always spoke of victories.
他从来没有说过和平 1939年被宣布为一年一度的胜利节 he never talked of peace. 1939 was declared the annual Gala Victoria.
自胜利之年起 Since the year of victory.
在某种程度上 to a certain extent,
它被认为标志着一个新时代的开始 it was supposed to mark the start of a new era.
西班牙需要工人进行重建 Spain needed workers for reconstruction.
政治犯不得不在建筑工地或忠于卡扎菲政权的工厂强制劳动 Political prisoners had to do forced labour on building sites or in factories loyal to the regime.
这样 In this way,
一些人能够缩短他们的刑期 避免执行死刑 some were able to shorten their sentences and avoid execution.
成千上万的人被派往巴伊亚德拉斯的摇篮工作 Tens of thousands were sent to work in the Bahia de las cradles,
堕落的山谷 the valley of the fallen.
在马德里的西北部 Northwest of Madrid,
在阿玛拉山的群山中 in the mountains of the Sierra de Guadarama,
他们从岩石上凿出一座巨大的长方形教堂 they cut a huge basilica out of the rock.
一个三万人的纪念碑已经死亡 为已故的法西斯志愿运动创始人的陵墓 A monument to the thirty thousand National is dead and a mausoleum for the deceased founder of the Fascist voluntary movement,
可能是弗朗哥本人 and possibly for Franco himself.
在它上面是一个石十字架 towering over it is a stone cross,
一百五十米高 a hundred and fifty meters high.
我认为这和埃及的法老建造金字塔的时候是一样的 I think it was the same as the Pharaohs in Egypt heart when they built the pyramids.
这是一个伟大的个人纪念碑 It was a great personal monument that,
就像弗朗哥自己说的 as Franco himself said,
将挑战历史的各个时代 would challenge history throughout the ages.
想到的是他的自我 Thought of is his ego.
这些罪犯在陵墓中工作了将近20年 而弗朗哥的宣传则不知疲倦地吹嘘这一建筑是一种和解的行为 The gangs of convicts worked on the mausoleum for nearly twenty years and Franco's propaganda tirelessly vaunted the construction as an act of reconciliation.
他的政治讲述了一个不同的故事 His politics told a different tale.
特别是 In particular,
拥有自己标志身份的地区受到了巨大的压迫 regions with their own marked identity was subject to massive oppression.
弗朗哥甚至禁止巴斯克语和加泰罗尼亚语 Franco even banned the Basque and Catalan languages.
我曾经问过一个朋友 I once asked a friend,
坐在我旁边的桌子上 something who was sitting next to me at the table.
我没有注意到一个老师站在我们后面 I didn't notice that a teacher was standing behind us.
把我赶出教室 让我呆在那里 He immediately threw me out of the classroom and made me stay there.
在这我们只说西班牙语，他说 here we speak Spanish, he said.
尽管恐惧在弗朗哥的领域里有很多流言 Yet, despite all the terror there were rumblings in Franco's realm,
小SerranosJr Serranos Jr,
而他的法西斯主义强硬派则与独裁者站在了一起 and his fascist hardliners were lining up against the dictator.
与此同时 At the same time,
君主主义者呼吁重建皇家宫殿 monarchists were calling for the restoration of the Royal House,
正如弗朗哥在内战后所承诺的那样 as Franco had promised after the civil war.
独裁者解除了他最猛烈的批评 The dictator removed his fiercest critics from office;
他把内弟Serrano Souvenir从他把持很久的政治职位上赶下台 he ousted his brother in law, Serrano Souvenir, from the last of the political posts he still held.
这一步 This move,
看起来 it seems,
弗朗哥的妻子也参与了 was also prompted by Franco's wife,
卡门 Carmen,
因为Souvenir在欺骗她的妹妹 because Souvenir was cheating on her sister.
这改变了Serrano Souvenir It then turned down the Serrano Souvenir
她是一个女人的男人 who was something of a lady's man,
和一个西班牙贵族的妻子有染 was having an affair with the wife of a Spanish aristocrats.
弗朗哥太太对此非常愤怒 Mrs Franco was furious about this.
有人抱怨 There were complaints,
danyawinterman已经成为了他最恶毒的敌人 and danya winterman had now become his bitterest enemy about lead in early 1942,
1942年被解雇 nine hundred and forty two to get in the sack.
在外交政策方面 On the foreign policy front,
由于第二次世界大战 弗朗哥的拖延战术得到了回报 Franco's delaying tactics paid off because of the Second World War.
情况正在改变 Things were changing.
盟军在北非几乎从西班牙海岸登陆 The allies had landed in North Africa virtually off the Spanish coast.
在斯大林格勒之后 And after Stalingrad,
希特勒的俄罗斯战役正处于失败的边缘 Hitler's Russian campaign was on the brink of failure.
野马队的蓝色分部是分部 Broncos blue division is division.
一个傻瓜还在为德国而战 A fool was still fighting for Germany,
但是国家元首需要发出一个信号 but jefe de Estado needed to send a signal.
首先 美国大使卡尔顿海斯去见了弗朗哥 First, the American ambassador Carlton Hayes went to see Franco.
英国大使塞缪尔霍尔也是如此 So British ambassador Samuel Hall,
谁告诉他英国阁下 told him Britain Excellency?
考虑到目前的情况 In view of the current situation,
人们或许应该考虑一下将辩论重新进行的可能性 one should perhaps consider the possibility of repatriating the debates Young,
傻瓜 a fool,
事实上在十月 and indeed on October,
第十二个 the twelfth,
整整两年后 after exactly two years,
这个部门是个傻瓜 the division a fool.
我离开了前线 I left the front.
弗朗哥已经派遣了近四万八千名士兵到东部前线 Franco had sent nearly forty eight thousand troops to the eastern front.
超过四千人死亡 数百人将花费数年时间 more than four thousand have died and hundreds would spend years.
苏联战俘 the Soviet prisoners of war.
弗朗哥跳出了蓝色的部分 Franco broke out of the blue division,
部分是因为他有一种很好的直觉 因为他看到战争正在改变 partly because he had a quite a good instincts in the nose for seeing that the war was changing,
德国人正在失去他们的优势 that the Germans were losing their advantage,
失去了他们进攻的势头基本上和美国 losing the momentum of their attack and basically with America,
在二千一百四十一年的地缘政治战争中 in the war from to 1942 geopolitically,
德国人和意大利人都不可能赢得这个球 there was no way that the axis that the Germans and the Italians could ever win the ball.
当第一批士兵从战争中归来时 When the first troops returned from the war,
马德里曾经庆祝过它的英雄 Madrid had celebrated its heroes.
现在没有人欢呼了 Now no one cheer.
当他们在1943年回来的时候 when they came back in 1943,
几乎没有正式的接待 there were practically no official receptions.
那里的木匠们在两年后作为英雄回来战斗 those who had gone to Carpenter in Bavaria to fight as heroes returned two years later,
在完全的沉默中 in total silence,
这个国家不再想要与蓝色部门有任何关系 The country no longer wanted anything to do with the blue division.
在政治上是中立的 That is regarded as politically neutral.
弗朗哥不得不取消一场盛大的欢迎回家庆祝活动 The Franco had to cancel a big welcome Home celebrations.
其他人几乎没有注意到 All the others returned almost unnoticed.
我很幸运能成为第一个回家的人 I was lucky to be one of the first home comers.
在庆祝之后 After the celebration,
当我们停留一段时间 we stayed for a while,
你在哪里得到流言蜚语 where do you get gossip?
然后我们脱下制服 把他们的制服交还给我们 我们收集了我们的护照 然后回家了 Then we took off our uniforms and handed them back between cachet it we've collected our passports and went home.
西方大国密切关注着西班牙 看看它将如何明显地与纳粹德国脱离关系 The Western powers kept a close watch on Spain to see how clearly it will disassociate itself from Nazi Germany.
因为弗朗哥 because Franco too,
这是对所谓的指责 that railed against the alleged.
我们是犹太人的阴谋 We'll Jewish conspiracy.
当时的想法是 犹太人在纽约有一个资本家 The idea was that the Jews with a capitalists in New York,
但他们也控制了左派 因为他们也是共产主义者 but they also controlled the left because they were also the Communists.
在莫斯科 In Moscow,
我的意思是疯狂 I mean it lunacy.
弗朗哥相信这一点 Franco believed it.
从1942年开始 From 1942,
希特勒对犹太人的种族灭绝意味着弗朗哥政权面临着一些棘手的问题 Hitler's genocide of the Jews meant that Franco's regime was faced with some difficult questions,
因为 because,
就像在巴尔干半岛 like here in the Balkans,
到目前为止犹太人生活在欧洲各地 so far the Jews lived all over Europe,
15世纪被驱逐出西班牙的犹太人的后裔 the descendants of Jews who had been expelled from Spain in the fifteenth century.
后来他们又被允许拥有西班牙国籍 Later they were allowed to have Spanish citizenship again,
所以他们实际上是在弗朗哥的保护之下 so they were actually under Franco's protection.
坦白地说 Frankly,
我必须意识到 彻底毁灭的政策始于十二月 I must have realised that the policy of total annihilation had started in December,
1942年 苏联的同盟国 in the 1942 when the allied nations of the Soviet Union,
英国和美国谴责纳粹政权的大屠杀 并威胁在战争结束后进行报复 Britain and the United States condemned the Nazi regime for the Holocaust and threatened reprisals at the end of the war.
所以弗朗哥从那个特殊的角度看是清楚的 So Franco was clear from that particular point.
全欧洲的西班牙犹太人 Spanish Jews all over Europe,
试图逃离大屠杀 逃到他们的老家 trying to escape the Holocaust and flee to their old homeland.
弗朗哥本可以拯救很多这样的人 Franco could have saved many of them,
但他犹豫了 but he hesitated.
事情的真相是 在不同的国家有个别的外交代表 The truth of the matter was that there were individual diplomatic representatives in different countries,
尤其是在匈牙利和罗马尼亚 particularly in Hungary and Romania,
为了帮助犹太人 他遇到了极大的麻烦 who went to enormous trouble and went through danger to help Jews.
不是 Not.
这是千真万确的 That's absolutely true,
但这和弗朗哥的政权没有任何关系 but that's nothing to do with frank about the regime.
弗朗哥本人 Franco himself,
一直到很晚才使用了很多反闪语的修辞 who till very late was using a lot of anti Semitic rhetoric,
什么也没做 did nothing.
超过五万个西班牙语 Over fifty thousand Spanish,
只有法国和希腊的犹太人被德国人驱逐出境 Jews from France and Greece alone were deported by the Germans.
然而 在那之前 Yet until well,
战后 after the war,
弗朗哥曾被誉为犹太人的救世主 Franco had himself feted as a saviour of the Jews,
事实上 他确实允许成千上万的犹太人穿越西班牙 and indeed he did allow thousands of Jews to transit through Spain.
但是只有那些打算直接离开英国或美国的人获得了入境签证 But only those who were going to leave straight away for Britain or the United States were granted an entry visa.
就弗朗哥而言 For as far as Franco was concerned,
这是一个很好的姿态 尝试着分享一点人性 而不给自己带来任何风险 it was quite a good gesture to try and share a little bit of humanity without any risk to himself.
来自欧洲各地的犹太人都希望能在边境上逃离西班牙 Jews from all over Europe hope to escape through Spain at the border.
他们不得不交出他们的大部分财产 They had to surrender most of their possessions,
但以这种方式 but in this way,
将近五万人成功逃离纳粹 almost fifty thousand managed to flee from the Nazis.
甚至后来西班牙进行的内部调查也承认 如果愿意或者不那么犹豫的话 我们可以拯救更多犹太人 Even internal investigations carried out later in Spain and admit that we could have saved many more Jews if it wanted to or not been so hesitant.
1944年6月6日 June the sixth 1944
在法国北部的诺曼底 in Normandy in northern France,
美国 英国和他们的盟友开始了欧洲的解放 the Americans, the British and their allies began the liberation of Europe.
现在几乎没有人怀疑纳粹德国会输掉这场战争 There was now hardly any doubt that Nazi Germany would lose the war.
弗朗哥的犹豫并没有公开地进入 Franco's hesitation been not openly entering.
对希特勒一方的战争现在开始奏效了 the war on Hitler's side was now paying off.
弗朗哥是行为 第二次世界大战完全是自我感兴趣的 Frank is behavior and World War II was completely self interested,
以自我为中心 Self centered,
仅仅从西班牙的角度来看 only looking at it from a purely Spanish point of view,
从这个角度来看 他成功地阻止了西班牙的战争 and from that point of view he managed to keep Spain out of the war.
如果西班牙想要在这个特殊的舞台上战斗因为经济 甚至是食物资源 西班牙是不会幸存下来的 Spain would not have survived if they had had to fight for that particular stage because of basically economic and even food resources,
更不用说军事方面了 to say nothing of the military aspect.
在1945年四月 苏联军队占领了柏林 In April,1945 Soviet troops took Berlin.
希特勒自杀了 他的恐怖统治也走到了尽头 Hitler committed suicide and his reign of terror came to an end.
在柏林的最后一场战役中 防御者也包括西班牙的法西斯分子 The defenders in the final battle for Berlin also included Spanish fascists.
尽管弗朗哥早已解散了蓝师 Although Franco had long since disbanded the Blue division,
他们的个人决定是为了他们的幻想而斗争 it was their personal decision to fight on for their illusion.
很多人一直呆到最后 这意味着有西班牙人在为柏林的总理府辩护 Lots of them stayed till the very end that mean there were Spaniards were defending the the Chancellery in Berlin.
在最后 At the very end,
弗朗哥在他自己的队伍中设法控制了战争贩子 Franco had managed to contain the warmongers in his own ranks.
因此 Consequently,
他的政权在第二次世界大战中幸存了下来 his regime had survived the Second World War virtually intact.
弗朗哥 Franco,
为了讨好每一个人而精明的玩家 the shrewd player who aimed to please everyone,
不断地隐藏他的真实色彩 while constantly concealing his true colors.
弗朗哥想要成为一个像狮身人面像一样的人 Frank here wanting to be almost like a Sphinx,
所以没有人能识别出什么是真实的 so nobody could actually identify what is real.
政治观点是 在1936年西班牙崛起之前的政变之前 Political opinions were this was certainly the case before the coup before the rising in Spain in two thousand,1936
这是后来的情况 and it was very much the case later on.
没有人能准确地确定他在某些情况下的想法 Nobody could really pin down exactly what he thought on certain cases,
从这个角度来看 这是一个巨大的优势 当时没有人怀疑西班牙仍然有30年的弗朗哥独裁统治 and from that point of view it was a tremendous advantage to no one at the time suspected that Spain still had thirty years of Franco's dictatorship ahead of it.
这位深不可测的暴君首先从外部环境和对权力的无限感觉中获利 The unfathomable despot profited first and foremost from external circumstances and from a boundless feeling for power.
在1945年 In 1945
弗朗哥在说 Franco is saying.
别担心 Don't worry.
希特勒对美国人很有诱惑力 Hitler is tempting in the Russians tempting in the Americans.
当他得到这些人的时候 And when he's got the men,
他将释放冯德沃特米提斯 he will unleash the vondervotteimittiss,
他就会毁灭他们 and he will destroy them.
你认为这个人 And you think this guy,
我的意思是 I mean,
他说的是你能想象到的最令人难以置信的愚蠢的事情 he says the most mind bogglingly stupid things you could imagine.
但与此同时 And yet at the same time,
他来了 he's quite coming.
这是一个真正的难题 And that is a real conundrum.
这对一个传记作家来说是一个真正的问题 It's a real problem for a biographer.
弗朗哥在内部采取了一切可能的措施 消灭了他的敌人 并在外部突然成为了西方可靠的伙伴 Franco took every possible step internally to eliminate his enemies and externally to suddenly appear as a reliable partner of the West.
许多西班牙人会从这种策略中获益 Many Spaniards would benefit from this tactic.
但更多的人会在独裁统治下受苦受难 But far more would suffer under the shackles of the dictatorship.
美国公共广播公司美国继续关注西班牙历史上最黑暗的一章 即关于弗兰卡的真相 PBS America continues its look at the darkest chapter in Spanish history in the truth about franca Next.
弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 Francisco Franco,
对西班牙的绝对统治者是欧洲历史上最神秘的独裁者之一 Absolute ruler over Spain was one of the most enigmatic dictators in European history.
即使在今天 Even today,
这个国家仍然有他统治的伤痕 the country still bears the scars of his reign.
弗朗哥投资恐怖主义 Franco makes an investment in terror.
在他剩下的时间里 他靠这个先知为生 And he lives off the prophet of that for the rest of his time.
在一场激烈的内战中 In a bitter civil war,
将军夺取了政权 毅然决然地坚持了下来 the general seized power and resolutely clung to it.
弗朗哥的利率优势不是太过意识形态化 Franco's rate advantage was not to be too ideological;
没有其他的战时独裁者生活在他们国家的顶端 no other wartime dictator lived and stayed at the top of their country.
我们在银行里 For us on the bank.
他死后 After his death,
西班牙遭受了弗朗哥的黑暗遗产 时至今日依然如此 Spain suffered from Franco's dark legacy and still does today.
第二次世界大战已经结束 在全球政治中 The Second World War was now over and in global politics,
变化正在发生 changes were taking place.
获胜的国家正在好好审视西班牙 因为它的国家元首已经非正式地成为了成年希特勒的亲密盟友 The victorious powers were taking a good look at Spain because its Head of state has unofficially been a close ally of adult Hitler.
许多西班牙人希望弗朗哥能够被推翻 暴政也会结束 Many Spaniards were hoping that Franco would be overthrown and the tyranny brought to an end.
优秀的弗朗哥在西班牙之外生存并得到认可 Good Franco survive and be acknowledged outside Spain.
1945年第二次世界大战结束时 1945 at the end of the Second World War,
弗朗哥与被击败的轴心国的友谊使他陷入了困境 Franco's friendship with the defeated axis powers put him in a tight spot.
墨索里尼被杀 希特勒自杀 Whereas mostly Mussolini murdered Hitler commits suicide,
弗朗哥不会那样做的 Franco is not going to do that.
他拿出的新面具是他认为是生存所必需的面具 The new mask that he put out was the mask that he felt was necessary for survival.
这位独裁者不得不与他的老朋友断绝关系 The dictator had to dissociate himself from his old friends.
他认为自己不是一个法西斯主义者 而是一个军事统治者 He saw himself not as a fascist but as a military ruler.
他的政权 His regime,
然而 however,
具有明显的法西斯特征 had distinctly fascist characteristics.
西方国家会接受吗 Would the Western powers accept that?
早在1945年 弗朗哥的罗马式敬礼与纳粹的敬礼很相似 As early as July 1954 Franco had the Roman Salute Band deceptively similar to the Nazi salute.
这是弗朗哥自己介绍的 It had been introduced by Franco himself.
他改组了政府 And he reshuffled his government,
法西斯国家党 the Fascist State Party.
方阵 The phalanx,
这帮助他获得了权力 which had helped him gain power,
现在是对他未来的威胁 was now a threat to his future Franco,
法西斯分子从他的内阁中走出来 转而加强了西班牙的天主教力量 through the Fascists out of his cabinet and instead strengthened the Catholic forces in Spain.
任命一位与教会关系密切的新外交部长是为了安抚西方势力 The appointment of a new foreign minister with close ties to the church was intended to appease the Western powers.
在弗朗哥的眼中 in reality,in Franco's eyes,
第二次世界大战的结果不是那么关键 the outcome of the Second World War was not so pivotal,
他清楚地告诉盟友 战争现在真正重要的是 He told the ally is quite clearly the war is really important now,
与共同敌人的战斗 is the fight against the common enemy,
共产主义 communism.
他们摧毁了基督教和西方文明 They destroyed the Christian and Western civilization.
但是弗朗哥被误导了 真正重要的是自由和民主 But Franco was misguided what really mattered to the new ruling powers were freedom and democracy.
波茨坦会议明确将西班牙排除在国际社会的所有计划之外 The Potsdam Conference explicitly excluded Spain from all the international community's plans.
苏联领导人约瑟夫斯大林公开呼吁弗朗哥与他会面 Soviet leader Joseph Stalin openly called for Franco to meet overthrown,
但西方国家不希望在欧洲出现另一个问题 but the Western powers did not want another trouble spot in Europe,
即使他们不赞成他的政权 even though they disapproved of his regime,
弗朗哥并没有构成严重的威胁 Franco did not constitute an acute threat,
所以他只能靠自己的设备 so he was left to his own devices.
人们认为这个政权不会持续太久 It was assumed that the regime wouldn't last long that sooner or later,
可能更早 probably sooner.
弗朗哥的西班牙将会消失 Franco's Spain will simply disappear.
独裁者被严密监视着 A close watch was kept on the dictator.
与纳粹德国的密切关系 在战争结束时留下了痕迹 The close relations with Nazi Germany that left traces by the end of the war.
大约有五千德国人生活在西班牙 there were around five thousand Germans living in Spain,
很多人 many of whom,
但只是在国家社会主义时期才出现 but only arrived during the national socialist era.
美国 The United States,
尤其是担心西班牙会成为纳粹战犯的避风港 in particular feared that Spain could become a safe haven for Nazi war criminals,
纳粹党的外国分支 在全国各地都有办事处和联系 the Nazi Party's foreign wing that offices and contacts all over the country.
在无安打的最后几个月 In the final months before Hitless fall,
越来越多的德国纳粹分子逃到西班牙 而弗朗哥则张开双臂迎接他们 more and more German Nazis had fled to Spain and Franco had received them with open arms.
汉莎航空公司每天都要飞往西班牙 直到战争结束前的几周 Lufthansa operated daily flights to Spain until just a few weeks before the end of the war.
德国控制了西班牙的关键产业 并建立了一个紧密的网络 The Germans controlled key industries in Spain and had established a close network.
为了抑制德国的影响 To curb German influence,
获胜的国家想要没收德国在西班牙的资产作为补偿 the victorious powers wanted to seize German assets in Spain as reparation.
为了看到这个计划迅速实施 In order to see this plan implemented swiftly,
他们向弗朗哥政府承诺了30%的收入 they promised Franco's regime thirty per cent of the revenue.
德国公司在西班牙的价值约为四亿欧元 With German companies in Spain worth an estimated four hundred million euros in today's money,
这是一笔有利可图的交易 it was a lucrative deal.
西班牙的地位具有明显的实用主义特征 Spanish position was characterized by pronounced pragmatism.
他们确保自己在第三帝国以外的地方帮助自己破产 They ensured that they helped themselves to the bankruptcy outside some of the Third Reich.
他总是声称他们受到了盟军的压力 He always claimed that they had been pressurised to do that by the Allies.
我要指出的是 他们自己的西班牙人的手被绑住了 I'm pointing out that their own Spanish hands had been tied.
盟军的干涉惹恼了弗朗哥 This interference by the Allies annoyed Franco.
然而 However,
意想不到的资金流入是不受欢迎的 the unexpected influx of money was more than welcome.
他还借此机会以一种优雅的方式摧毁了德国在西班牙经济中的霸主地位 甚至不需要危及他与德国的良好关系 因为他可以躲在盟国的决定后面 And he sends the opportunity to destroy German supremacy in the Spanish economy in an elegant way and without even having to jeopardize his good relations with Germany because he could hide behind the decision taken by the Allies.
国家元首对德国人有很大的吸引力 jefe de Estado felt a great affinity for the Germans.
他总是对他们的军事成就感到惊奇 He had always marvelled at their military achievements.
在流亡期间与德国社会建立联系是独裁者亲自接触的 Cultivating contacts with the German community in exile was something the dictator attended to personally contact,
比如纳粹将军约翰内斯伯恩哈特 1936年 for example with S S General Johannes Bernhard, who in 1936,
在内战中 他说服了希特勒支持弗朗哥 had persuaded Hitler to support Franco in the civil war.
在没有伯恩哈特的情况下 忘恩负义的弗兰卡建立了一个利润丰厚的贸易帝国 Ingratitude franca without bernhardt to build up a lucrative trade empire.
巴黎的致命威胁 with the Paris fatal holding.
来自西班牙的fenders So fenders from Spain,
这位前曼内斯曼的经理实际上已经处理了与纳粹德国的全部货物交换 the former Mannesmann manager had taken care of virtually the entire exchange of goods with Nazi Germany.
现在 Now,
战后 after the war,
他也不得不为自己的未来担忧 he too had to fear for his future.
约翰内斯班哈特在一段时间内削减了足够的开支 开始与盟友合作 Johannes Banhart was cutting enough to initially cooperate with the allies for some time.
这使他得以避免被驱逐出境 This enabled him to avoid being deported,
或者至少出现在名单上 or at least appearing on the list.
盟国试图让德国人返回德国 which the allies tried to get German is sent back to Germany.
为了通知 for the notification.
1945年11月 In November, 1945,
盟军要求西班牙驱逐超过250名德国纳粹分子 The allies has demanded that Spain deport more than two hundred and fifty German Nazis.
那些被寻找的人变得紧张起来 Those being sought became nervous.
许多人用绳子向弗朗哥寻求他的保护 Many rope to Franco asking for his protection.
独裁者很乐意帮助老朋友 The dictator was happy to help old friends.
甚至连一半的被盟军通缉的人都被驱逐出境 Not even half of those wanted by the allies were deported.
另一个在1940年起草的盟军通缉名单中也有约翰尼斯伯恩哈特的名字 Another allied wanted list drawn up in nineteen forty seven also contain the name of Johannes Bernhardt.
但是这位前党卫军军官能够依靠弗朗哥 But the former SS officer was able to rely on Franco
然后 盟军要求他被驱逐出境时 then the allies demanded his deportation.
弗朗哥拒绝了 Franco refused.
相反 他让伯恩特成为了西班牙公民 并给了他一所位于丹宁的房子 instead he made Bernhard a Spanish citizen and gave him a house in Danning.
他在那里过着舒适的生活 There Bernhard had a comfortable life.
在战争时期远离纷争 far removed from events during the war.
最后在1950年 Finally in 1950,
他移民到了阿根廷 he emigrated to Argentina,
他的行李中有经济保障 As financial security in his luggage,
伯恩哈特有一幅埃尔格列柯的名画 Bernhardt had a valuable painting by El Greco,
来自他的赞助者的礼物 a gift from his patron,
弗朗哥将军 General Franco.
1948年盟军要求将纳粹战犯驱逐出境 In 1948 Allied pressure to have Nazi war criminals deported,
减少了 几百人得以潜逃到南美 lessened and several hundred were able to abscond to South America.
大多数人前往阿根廷 The majority headed for Argentina,
它的独裁者 where its dictator,
一个人 one peron,
给予他们政治庇护 granted them political asylum.
由于他甚至公开坚持认为 西班牙人民需要一个威权的领导 因为他们的心态 所以他的民主制度试图给他的政权建立一个近乎民主的政权是非常脆弱的 Attempts by jefe de Estado to give his regime of a near of democracy were all too flimsy because he even openly insisted that the Spanish people needed an authoritarian leadership because of their mentality.
弗朗哥与前纳粹分子和意大利法西斯分子的亲密关系在国际舞台上被视为一种严重的耻辱 Franco's closeness to former Nazis and Italian fascists was viewed on the international scene as a serious stigma.
所以在目前的情况下 So for the time being,
西班牙政府努力成为西方列强的平等伙伴 但失败了 efforts by the Spanish regime to become an equal partner for the Western powers that failed.
这种对独裁者的国际孤立和戏剧性的后果 This international isolation and dramatic consequences for the dictator,
对西班牙人来说更是如此 and even more for the Spanish people.
如果没有他被击败的法西斯伙伴的保护 Without the protection of his defeated fascist partners,
希特勒和墨索里尼需要一种新的生存策略 Hitler and Mussolini Franco needed a new strategy for survival.
1946年十二月 在马德里的皇家宫殿前 In December 1946 in front of the Royal Palace in Madrid,
他采取了新的策略 he took a new tack.
他创造了这个想法 He created the idea,
这完全是骗人的 which was utterly fraudulent,
但考虑到他对媒体的控制 but given his control over the media,
西班牙是封锁的受害者 it worked that Spain was the victim of a blockade.
在西方国家 By the Western powers,
所以人们团结起来了 so people rallied to it.
他实际上说 美国人和英国人因为他们嫉妒而把西班牙拉了下来 He actually said that the Americans and the British one to bring down Spain because they are jealous.
在法尔吉特政权中 人们相信这一点 Of the falangist regime and people believe that.
弗朗哥向他的支持者们展示了久经考验的 经过考验的幽灵 Franco presented his supporters with the tried and tested spectres.
颓废的西方民主国家和苏联共产主义者与西班牙结盟 只有国家元首可以保护他的人民不受威胁 The decadent western democracies and the Soviet Communists were in league against Spain and only jefe de Estado could protect his people from the threat.
他在摩洛哥的时候 During his time in Morocco,
弗朗哥已经确信他是被上帝选中来为西班牙扮演特殊的角色 Franco had become convinced that he had been chosen by Providence to play a special role for Spain,
这也给了他一定的力量来度过这段时期 and this also gave him a certain strength to survive this period.
最重要的是 Above all,
他确信他能给这个国家一段很长时间没有的东西 he was sure that he could give the country something it hadn't had for a long time.
安全与稳定 security and stability,
国际社会对来自西班牙的新声音不太满意 The international community was unimpressed by the new old sounds coming from Spain.
事实上 In fact,
新成立的联合国通过了一项针对西班牙的决议 the newly founded United Nations passed a resolution against Spain.
几乎所有的大使都从马德里被召回 Nearly all ambassadors were recalled from Madrid,
弗朗哥将被置于压力之下 为民主铺平道路 Franco was to be put under pressure to pave the way for democracy.
在西班牙 对独裁政权的新抵抗也在萌芽 New resistance to the dictatorship was also germinating in Spain itself.
在很多地方 In many places,
旧共和国的支持者转入地下 形成了游击队 supporters of the Old republic had gone underground and formed guerrilla units.
他们现在得到了支持 因为 And they were now receiving support because,
自从战争结束后 since the end of the war,
共和党的战士们已经从法国回国 Republican fighters had been returning home from France.
他们在法国抵抗运动中获得的经验 With the experience they had gained with the French resistance,
他们想为与弗朗哥的斗争做出贡献 they wanted to contribute to the struggle against Franco.
反弗朗哥运动首先得到了流亡共产党的支持 The anti Franco movement was supported first and foremost by the Communist Party in exile.
它组织了武装组织 并实施了旨在使这个令人憎恨的政权士气低落的破坏行动 It organised militant groups and carried out acts of sabotage designed to demoralize the hated regime.
自内战以来 它一直处于抵抗状态 It lay on resistance had flourished ever since the civil war,
在1940年 西班牙的第一个官方游击队成立了 and it was there in nineteen forty two that the first official guerrilla unit in Spain was formed.
弗朗西斯科·马丁内斯在1944年加入了这个组织，时年21岁 Francisco Martinez joined it in 1944 is a twenty one year old.
来自附近法国的第一批战斗机很快就得到了支持 The first fighters from nearby France soon arrived as support.
他们在1945回国 they returned in 1945
在那些日子里 In those days.
我们仍然相信弗朗哥不会得到国际认可 we still believe that Franco would not receive international recognition.
他们花了两到三个热情的齿轮 They spend two or three enthusiastic gears with it.
他们都是自愿的 They were all here voluntarily.
我们不是 we weren't.
这就是为什么我们对我们的战略漠不关心 That's why we also indifferent in our strategy.
基本上 Basically,
他们坚持自己 they kept to themselves.
我将遵循我们的原则 就是和妇女儿童以及村里每一个人建立密切的联系 I'm going to be at our principle was to foster close ties with the people going in the villages with the children or the women with everyone.
没有那些妇女和儿童 Without the women and children,
游击队的活动是不可能的 guerrilla activities would have been impossible.
只有在他们的帮助下 我们才能在敌人的领土上生存下来 It is only thanks to them that we were able to survive in enemy territory.
马丁内斯多年来一直支持游击队作为信使 Martinez had supported the guerrillas for years as a messenger boy.
就像该地区的许多人一样 Like many people in the region.
他的母亲也同情左翼共和国 His mother also sympathised with the Left Wing Republic.
难以降雨和基础设施薄弱的地区为抵抗者提供了良好的藏身之处 Regions with difficult to rain and a weak infrastructure offered the resistance fighters good hiding places.
游击队在西班牙的山区尤为活跃 Guerrilla units were especially active in Spain's mountainous regions,
但他们也在一些主要城市进行了战斗 but they also fought in some major cities,
像巴塞罗那一样 like Barcelona,
加泰罗尼亚的独立也是一个目标 where independence for Catalonia was also a goal.
弗朗哥想要保持政治上的抵抗 Franco wanted to keep the political resistance under wraps,
因此 官方媒体很少报道游击队的袭击 so guerrilla attacks were rarely reported by the state media.
在任何情况下 都无法引起人们的共鸣 On no account was the resistance to strike a chord with the people.
如果报纸上有任何报道 If newspapers carried any reports at all,
这是把大猩猩的活动描绘成普通罪犯的工作 it was to depict the gorilla activities as the work of common criminals.
但从1947年开始 Yet since 1947,
该政权的反应非常严重 the regime had been reacting with marked severity.
秘密警察的惩罚性活动不仅是为了打击武装分子本身 也包括他们的家人和那些支持他们的人 The punitive activities of the secret Police were designed to hit not only the fighters themselves but also their families and those who supported them.
他们派秘密警察的成员与人民打成一片 寻找那些准备进入恍惚状态的人 they sent members of the secret police to mingle with the people and look for anyone who was prepared to the trance.
与此同时 at the same time,
人们不再表现出任何抵抗的热情 people no longer showed any enthusiasm of resistance,
所有的人都聚集在一起 they all came together
结果是一个彻底的失败 在未来没有任何前景 The result was a total failure without any prospects in the future.
如果再多呆一年 if we'd stayed for just one more year,
我们都会被杀 we would have murdered at all
弗朗西斯科马丁内斯设法逃到法国 由于弗朗哥的镇压而士气低落 Francisco Martinez managed to flee to France demoralised by Franco's repression.
像他一样 Like him,
许多战士离开了这个国家 many fighters left the country.
直到多年以后 作为一名退休老人 马丁内斯才回到西班牙 It was not until many years later as a pensioner that Martinez returned to Spain.
希望西班牙的独裁政权也会倒台 Hopes that Spain's dictatorship would also toppled,
就像德国和意大利的同行一样 like its counterparts in Germany and Italy were dashed,
西方国家对干预西班牙和国内没有兴趣 the Western powers had no interest in intervening in Spain and internally,
弗朗哥的力量是无法动摇的 Franco's power could not be shaken.
弗朗哥想要确保在表面上一切都是平静和控制的 Franco wanted to make sure that on the surface everything was a calm and under control,
尽管在其他方面可能会有可怕的事情发生 even though appalling things might be being done in various other,
在监狱和警察总部 没有地牢和牢房 for no dungeons and cells in prisons and in police headquarters.
一部分人站在弗朗哥后面 反对派被残酷地压制住了 Part of the population stood behind Franco and the opposition was brutally silenced.
1939年后的压抑是西班牙历史上最糟糕的时期 The repression after 1939 was far and away the worst in Spain's entire history.
欧洲从未见过西班牙内战后的残暴程度 Europe has never seen the level of brutality which followed the Spanish civil war.
在内战中 马科斯阿纳是共和党人的政治委员 In the civil war Marco sana was a political commissar on the side of the Republicans.
因此 他在监狱里呆了将近23年 As a result he spent nearly twenty three years in prison.
在试图克服他可怕的经历的过程中 In the attempt to work through his terrible experiences,
他开始写作 he began to write.
我们被带到马德里进行审判 并把它放在了安全理事会的地下室里 we were taken to Madrid for sentencing and put in the cellars of the Directorate for Security.
你没有被派到那里呆很长时间 You weren't sent there to stay for long,
被折磨 known to be tortured
指出一个同志要被打破 to point the finger at comrades to be broken
囚犯们无可救药地拥挤不堪 The prisoners were hopelessly overcrowded,
情况令人震惊 the conditions appalling.
因此 Consequently,
许多囚犯被用作监狱外的强迫劳动 many inmates were used as forced labor outside the prisons.
其他的则被政权消灭了 others were eliminated by the regime.
除了星期六 他们每天都逮捕同志 They arrested comrades every day except Saturday.
他们的虚伪不想在星期日开枪杀人 In their hypocrisy they didn't want to shoot people on the Sunday
在其他的日子里 on all other days.
然而 However,
我的一些同事 some of my colleagues,
看到最后一次日出 身处地狱 saw the sunrise for the last time and I lived in that hell.
据估计 到二战结束时 It's estimated that by the end of the Second World War,
弗朗哥政权处决了二十万人 Franco's regime that executed two hundred thousand people,
受害者往往是受害者 often the victims,
没有经过审判就被枪杀了 were shot without trial.
在整个西班牙 Throughout Spain,
从那时起 无名的受害者被匿名埋葬 nameless victims from the time lay buried anonymously.
只有1951年 It was only in 1951
积极分子开始打开坟墓 the activists began to open the graves.
从那时起 Since then,
大约二万五千具尸体已经被找到并确认只有一小部分死者 some twenty five thousand corpses have been recovered and identified only a fraction of those killed.
弗朗哥最阴险的刽子手之一曾经说过 one of Franco's most sinister executioners once said,
在二三十年的时间里 左派不会再动了 the left will not stir again for twenty or thirty years,
但事实并非如此 and it didn't.
恐惧的气氛从一开始就存在 the atmosphere of fear was there right from the start,
这是众所周知的 and it was well known.
你知道从那个方向传来的尖叫声让保安站在广场上 You know the screams from say the direction had allowed the security guard in the Plaza,
马德里的德尔索尔已经足够了 Del Sol in Madrid was enough.
如果你想让人们在首都很好地意识到如果他们真的开始反对这个政权 他们将会发生什么 If you like to keep people in the capital well aware of what would happen to them if they actually started to work against the regime.
瓜迪亚公民和秘密警察的单位保留了西班牙人民和整个监视系统 Units of the Guardia Civil and the Secret Police kept the Spanish people and the total surveillance.
多年的恐惧留下深深的印记 恐惧变成了日常生活的一部分 The many years of terror left deep marks fear became part of everyday life.
许多人宁愿远离政治 专注于解决日常问题 Many people prefer to stay well away from politics and focused instead on coping with their daily problems.
由于战后时期的开始 灾难性的供应状况没有发生变化 Because the start of the postwar period had seen no change in the disastrous supply situation.
很大一部分人口继续遭受饥饿和贫困的折磨 A large proportion of the population continued to suffer from hunger and poverty.
谁还能相信这个政权的承诺呢 How could anyone still believe the regime's promises?
隔离政策显然使一切变得更糟 The isolation policy was clearly making everything even worse.
如果情况要改善 If the situation was to improve,
弗朗哥急需国际贷款 Franco urgently needed international loans.
但他被拒绝了 But he was turned down.
他现在被迫依靠他仅有的几个朋友的帮助 He was now forced to rely on the help of the few friends he had.
来自阿根廷的特别支持 Appreciable support came especially from Argentina,
1946年当选总统的胡安·贝隆 Juan Perón had been president since 1946.
贝隆也像弗朗哥这样倾向法西斯的军官一样 Perón like Franco a general and fascist sympathizer,
批准了肺和经批准的谷物运输 granted lungs and approved deliveries of grain.
这意味着 如果没有贝隆的帮助 至少西班牙最严重的饥荒是可以解决的 This meant that at least the worst of the famine in Spain could be combated without Perón' s help.
这个贫穷的国家几乎无法生存 The impoverished country could scarcely have survived.
作为友谊的特殊象征 As a special gesture of friendship in 1947,
贝隆把他的妻子Evita送到了马德里 Perón sent his wife Evita to Madrid.
这是一个迷人的二十八岁的孩子 The visit by the glamorous twenty eight year old,
伴随着许多谣言 弗朗哥的妻子 was accompanied by many rumors FRANCO His wife,
卡门 Carmen,
例如 for instance,
据说她已经禁止她的丈夫独自在西班牙旅行 并拥有否决权 is said to have forbidden her husband to travel around Spain alone with a veto.
弗朗哥 FRANCO,
尽管人们对他的性取向有疑问 Although there are doubts about his sexuality.
所有的人似乎都在关注女士们 All seem to have an eye for the ladies,
这导致他的妻子非常清楚 and this resulted that his wife was very aware of,
所以当一个参观者非常漂亮的时候 so when a visitor came very beautiful.
很明显 她和弗朗哥太太之间有一场激烈的竞争 Apparently there was a big competition between her and Mrs Franco.
西班牙第一夫人想要在各个方面与这位年轻的阿根廷人相匹配 Spain's first lady wanted to match the young Argentinian in every way,
至少在时尚方面 at least with regard to fashion.
有一次 On one occasion,
显然 apparently,
尽管夏天很热 despite the summer heat,
弗朗哥的妻子甚至穿着她最好的皮大衣 Franco's wife even wore her finest fur coat.
埃维塔 贝隆的目的是为贫困的西班牙带来一丝魅力 使其人民摆脱困境 Evita Perón was intended to bring a touch of glamor to destitute Spain and distract its people from their woes.
Evita是一种民粹主义 Evita was a populist,
她更像是一个法西斯主义者 she was more a fascist.
关于 In terms of,
你知道 you know,
一个民粹主义现代化政权 a populist modernising regime,
坦白地说 and so frankly,
如果有很多人的想法 我会感到惊讶 I would be surprised if there was much of a meeting of minds.
弗朗哥很高兴埃维塔大受欢迎 让他的出现闪闪发光 Franco was happy for Evita great popularity to let him to appear in a glittering light.
对独裁者来说 For the dictator,
这是内战之后的第一次重要的国事访问 this was the first important state visit after the civil war.
弗朗哥的宣传让国外的抵制对西班牙的苦难负责 Franco's propaganda made the foreign boycott responsible for Spain's misery,
首先 primarily,
然而 however,
那种痛苦是家庭造成的 that misery was home made.
从1939年开始 Since 1939
弗朗哥政权曾渴望自给自足 nine hundred and ninety nine Franco's regime had aspired to self sufficiency,
完全独立于其他国家 total independence from other countries,
但这一政策导致西班牙在工业和农业领域陷入了戏剧性的死胡同 but this policy had led Spain down a dramatic blind alley in industry and agriculture.
所有的东西都短缺 There was a shortage of everything.
弗朗哥是一名宣传者 他试图将一名国际组织的行为归咎于一个反对它的组织 The way that frank is propaganda tried to blame an internationals in a block against it.
它是 It was,
当然 of course,
试着说这是一种意识形态 这是一种意识形态和其他的东西 trying to make a virtue out of necessity of trying to say that this was sort of ideological and all the rest of it,
什么时候 when,
事实上 经济运行的无能是非常糟糕的 in fact the incompetence of the running of the economy was abysmal.
西班牙仍然是一个农业国 Spain was still an agricultural country;
它缺少一个自我的所有先决条件 It lacked all the prerequisites for a self,
充分的经济 sufficient economy,
原材料 raw materials,
基础设施和必要的专业知识 infrastructure and the necessary expertise.
在五十年代早期 In the early fifties,
雄心勃勃的声望项目启动 ambitious prestige projects were launched,
人们希望它能改变这种状况 which it was hoped would change the situation.
弗朗哥想通过武力实现经济复兴 Franco wanted to bring about an economic revival by force,
他最喜欢的项目是在他的统治期间修建水坝 his favourite project involving dams during his rule,
在西班牙 国家元首有几百个 jefe de Estado had several hundred of them constructed all over Spain.
最重要的是 Above all,
这些大坝的设计目的是为了改善西班牙的水资源供应 the dams were designed to improve the water supply to Spain's extensive,
干旱地区 arid regions.
农业尤其依赖于水 Agriculture was particularly dependent on water.
现在 在生产力低下的地区 到处都建立了新的农业殖民地 Now new farming colonies were established everywhere in regions of low productivity.
国家将土地分配给定居者 The state distributed land to settlers,
那些要耕种土地的家庭 families who were to make the land arable.
很快 Soon,
大约有三百个这样的殖民地存在 nearly three hundred of these colonies existed.
我在萨拉曼卡省做了一个戴尔国家元首 这是一个建立起来的村庄 I get a Dell cardio in the province of Salamanca is one of the villages which were founded.
定居者认为这是一个摆脱西班牙苦难的机会 The settlers saw it as a chance to escape from the misery in Spain.
在那里 There anymore,
当我们来到这里的时候 when we came here,
我们从白手起家 we started virtually from scratch,
他们给了一个种子 they gave a seed,
我们尽可能地用驴来绘制土壤 and we plotted the soil with donkeys as best we could.
并不是每个人都知道该如何处理这个星球上最不重要的 not everyone knew what to do with the planet's least of all me
一所房子和一块土地的前景吸引了大约五万五千个来自西班牙各地的家庭到新殖民地 The prospect of a house and a plot of land attracted some fifty five thousand families from all over Spain to the new colonies,
但只有那些宣称对弗朗哥忠诚的人才能在他们中间定居下来 but only those who declared their loyalty to Franco were allowed to settle in them.
帮助的人越多 The more helping hands,
越好 the better.
因此 大家庭特别受欢迎 So large families were particularly welcome.
对于这个受打击的政权来说 殖民计划是成功的 这一点很重要 It was important to the buffeted regime for the colonization program to be a success.
对定居者的期望很高 The expectations placed on settlers were high.
丰收 Good harvests,
人们希望 it was hoped,
最终会结束这场饥荒 would finally put an end to the famine.
独裁者亲自打开了这个殖民地 And the dictator opened the colony's personally,
这是对新农民的特别荣誉 a special honor for the new farmers.
我认为这很好 因为有很多人 I thought it was great because there were lots of people,
然后是大元帅 你知道 弗朗哥 and then the generalissimo you know, Franco
他站在那里 像个孩子一样对学生说话 He stood up there and spoke to the pupils as a child.
这当然让我印象深刻 Of course that really impressed me.
我简直不敢相信 真的是他 I couldn't believe this, What a man！
当它在1954年正式开放时 When it was officially opened in 1954
像许多其他殖民地一样 like many other colonies,
基地组织在其名称中加入了国家元首 Al Qaeda had dealt cardio added to its name.
直到2016年 对弗朗哥的崇敬才被消除 It was not until 2016 that this reverence to Franco was removed.
政治活动人士把这个问题诉诸法庭 Political activists had taken the issue to court.
基地组织的许多人仍然对这位独裁者心存感激 Many people in Al Qaeda are still grateful to the dictator.
即使在今天 Even today.
他们能够在一片土地上建立起一种生计 而这片土地是弗朗哥从大地主手中夺走的 作为穷人的恩人 They were able to build up a livelihood on a piece of land which Franco had taken away from the big landowners as a supposed benefactor of the poor.
通常 Often,
尽管如此 though,
土壤贫瘠 the soil was barren,
许多农民发现 从收获和纳税中生活也很困难 many farmers found it hard to live from the harvest and pay taxes as well.
一次又一次的定居者家庭不得不放弃 Time and again settler families had to give up;
我们已经有了一个菜地 所以我知道我该做什么 We'd already had a vegetable patch so I knew what I was doing it.
但如果你没有经验 那该怎么办呢 But what if you have no experience.
许多人从外面来 不知道他们什么东西没有生产 也不知道要把他们的土地交给别人 Many people came from outside and have no idea what they didn't produce anything and have to hand over their land to someone else.
弗朗哥的宣传把殖民地计划作为一项成功的土地改革 Franco's propaganda sold the colony program as a successful land reform,
但在现实中 but in reality,
收益率远低于预期 yields were well below expectations.
获胜者是一个富有的大地主 他们仍然在没有价值的土地上获得了丰厚的补偿 The winners with a wealthy big landowners who still pocketed substantial compensation for land that was worthless.
在西班牙 In Spain,
社会不平等是日常生活的一部分 social inequality was part of everyday life.
裙带关系和腐败确保上层阶级保留了特权 Nepotism and corruption ensured that the upper class retained its privileges,
数以百万计的人在极度奢侈的生活中挨饿 while millions starved the elite wallowed in absolute luxury.
弗朗哥的家人也不例外 Franco's family was no exception carbon sita,
独裁者的女儿 the dictator's daughter,
有一种奢侈的生活方式 他的兄弟姐妹也参与了可疑的商业交易 had an extravagant lifestyle and his siblings were involved in suspect business dealings.
弗朗哥自己也不太关心奢侈品 Franco himself was not too concerned with luxury;
他以一种不同的方式获利 使他的仆从们得以脱离土地的肥沃 he profited in a different way by enabling his minions to live off the fat of the land.
他确保了他们的忠诚 He ensured their loyalty.
既然他自己是腐败的 And since he himself was corrupt,
他认为我们的人民被收买是完全正常的 he regarded it is perfectly normal that our people to be bought off.
弗朗哥的妻子被认为是这个体系的核心人物 Franco's wife is regarded as the central figure in this system,
卡门对她丈夫的决定有很大的影响 Danya Carmen had a major influence on decisions taken by her husband,
她充分享受了她的力量 and she enjoyed her power to the full.
据说只要她去西班牙的任何地方 It is said that whenever she went anywhere in Spain,
她会去珠宝店 她会说 she'd goes to jewelry shops and she'd say,
我们是一件很好的作品 We are it's a nice piece.
我喜欢这个 I like this from whatever.
任何声称的人 And anyone who claimed.
因为要支付的账单会突然发现他们要接受税务检查 For the bill to be paid would suddenly find they were subject to tax inspections.
西班牙的许多决定不是由机构决定的 而是由拥有权力的个人决定的 Many decisions in Spain were taken not by institutions but by individuals with power.
所以好的接触是有帮助的 so good contacts were helpful.
人们建立企业进口各种商品的能力都取决于你在运动中或在国家官僚机构中认识的人 People's abilities to set up businesses to import various items are all dependent on who you knew within the movement or within the national bureaucracy.
我认为在西班牙 腐败是如此之大 I think in Spain the corruption was so great,
特别是在政府高层 它实际上使任何形式的经济发展几乎是不可能的 particularly at higher levels in the administration that it was actually making any form of economic development almost impossible.
其他欧洲国家 Other European countries,
像是德国 like Germany,
从马歇尔计划的重建中受益 benefited in their reconstruction from the Marshall Plan.
弗朗哥的西班牙被拒绝了 Franco's Spain was denied this help,
但是其他的前景也出现了 but other prospects soup presented themselves.
从1947年起 冷战使弗朗哥的处境大为改善 The Cold War improved Franco situation considerably since 1947.
东方集团的国家 The countries of the Eastern bloc,
由苏联和美国主导的西方国家主导 led by the Soviet Union and the western powers dominated by the United States,
曾参加过军备竞赛 had been competing in an arms race.
世界被分成两个敌对的街区 社会主义和自由市场经济 The world was divided into two hostile blocks socialism versus the free market economy.
欧洲是军备竞赛的焦点 In Europe was at the focal point of the arms race,
这很快就涉及到核武器 which soon involve nuclear weapons.
随着第三次世界大战的临近 With the possibility of a third world war looming,
双方都在忙着召集潜在的盟友 both sides were busily gathering potential allies.
在与东方集团的冲突中 西班牙可能是一个有价值的合作伙伴 Spain could be a valuable partner in the conflict with the Eastern bloc,
但是北约 but NATO,
西方联盟 the Western Alliance,
在弗朗哥的队伍中 没有任何位置 saw no place in its ranks for Franco.
对那个可疑的暴君的保留太大了 Reservations regarding the dubious despot were too great.
弗朗哥非常愤怒 Franco was furious,
毕竟 after all,
不是吗 was it not?
多年来 他一直在宣扬反对共产主义的斗争 He who for years had propagated the fight against communism?
弗朗哥对西方列强的态度完全不理解 Franco reacted with total incomprehension to the attitude by the Western powers,
他完全相信自己会被西方和防御联盟所接受 he had been absolutely convinced that he would be accepted into the West and defensive alliance.
事实上 And indeed,
美国政府又开始重新思考了 the US government was beginning to think again.
也许纳粹的前朋友应该包括在内 Maybe the Nazis former friend should be included after all.
五角大楼的影响力越来越大 The Pentagon exerted more and more influence.
完全不同的语言指出 这对欧洲来说是不可能的 It was totally different language pointing out time and again that it was simply impossible for Europe
如果地中海和直布罗陀海峡进行有效的防御 for the Mediterranean and for the Straits of Gibraltar to be defended effectively.
没有西班牙的参与 without the participation of Spain
随着战争威胁的增加 As the threat of war increased,
在苏联发动进攻的情况下 西班牙的战略重要性越来越大 Spain assumed more and more strategic importance in the event of a Soviet attack.
西班牙可以作为一个避难所 Spain could be useful as a place of refuge,
但同时也是欧洲的桥头 but also as a bridgehead in Europe.
1950年朝鲜战争爆发了 In 1950 the Korean War broke out,
让北约的情况变得更加危急 making the situation even more critical in NATO.
华盛顿走了 Washington got its way.
西班牙将在保卫西方国家中发挥作用 Spain was to be given a role in the defence of the West.
与此同时 At the same time,
在联合国 at the United Nations,
美国人提倡弗朗哥的康复 American advocated Franco's rehabilitation.
经过四年的孤立 After four years of isolation,
弗朗哥从寒冷中被带进来 Franco was brought in out of the cold,
当联合国1950年解除了制裁 说他们已经意识到我们是对的 When the UN lifted its sanctions in 1950 the regimes reaction was to say they have realized that we were right.
制裁是不合理的 西班牙没有弯腰 The sanctions were unjustified and Spain did not bow and scrape.
抵制和孤立已经结束 The boycott and isolation had ended.
外国大使回到马德里 Foreign ambassadors returned to Madrid.
西班牙人民满怀希望地满怀希望 And the people of Spain weighted full of hope for an upswing.
事实上 And indeed,
在某种程度上 to a certain extent,
1951年后经济形势有所好转 after 1951 the economic situation improved,
美国批准了对西班牙的第一批贷款 the United States approved the first loans to Spain.
然后 欧洲也紧随其后 迫切需要在工业和农业领域进行投资 从而成为可能 Then Europe followed suit urgently needed investment in industry and agriculture thus became possible.
经过多年的停滞 After years of stagnation,
西班牙经济终于有机会重新开始了 the Spanish economy at last have the chance to get going again.
这不仅仅是对西班牙的政治局势 And it wasn't only the political situation that was kind to Spain.
1951年 大量的降雨结束了前几年的毁灭性的干旱 In 1951 extensive rainfall ended the devastating droughts of previous years.
大饥荒是西班牙农民丰收的大丰收 The major famine was over Spain's farmers gathered in record harvests.
因此 Consequently,
在1952年 in 1952
与英国相比 提前结束食品配给是可能的 it was possible to end food rationing earlier than in Great Britain.
改善的食物供应情况也让弗朗哥松了一口气 The improved food supply situation also offered relief to Franco,
一个正在挨饿的国家也可能对一个在国际上孤立无援的独裁者构成威胁 a nation that is starving can also be a threat to a dictator with the end of international isolation,
他的政权经历了最艰难的危机 his regime had survived its most difficult crisis,
但是西方国家还远没有看到弗朗哥 but the Western powers were still far from seeing Franco,
作为一个平等的伙伴 as an equal partner.
西方民主国家 The western democracy,
从来没有真正承认过独裁统治 is never really acknowledged the dictatorship,
他们并不想要它 只是容忍它 they didn't want it, they tolerate it
他们也做生意 and they business it
但是他们很清楚地告诉了弗朗哥 But they told Franco quite clearly.
直到你尊重基本人权 直到你拥有像我们这样的民主国家 until you respect basic human rights and until you have a democracy like ours,
我们不想要你和故事 we don't want you and a story.
国际社会仍然视独裁者为一种必要的邪恶 The international community of nations still saw the dictator as nothing more than a necessary evil.
因此 弗朗哥现在开始更多地关注梵蒂冈的力量 So Franco now began to focus more on the power of the Vatican.
超过90%的西班牙人和天主教徒 More than ninety percent of Spaniards and Catholics,
他们中的许多人虔诚地笃信宗教 and many of them are devoutly religious.
尤其是天主教会和梵蒂冈 The Catholic Church and the Vatican in particular,
多年来在西班牙发挥了巨大的影响力 had exercised great influence in Spain for many years.
弗朗哥寻求与罗马教廷达成一项协定 Franco sought a concordat a treaty with the Holy See.
一方面 On the one hand,
这将对国内产生影响 this would have a domestic impact,
但另一方面 but on the other hand,
一份协议也会在国际上留下深刻的印象 a concordat would also make an impression international
这将使弗朗哥的西班牙在世界天主教领导体系内呈现出一个天主教国家的形象 It would enable Franco's Spain to present itself as a Catholic country within the framework of worldwide Catholicism lead system.
一份协议将会凸显出弗朗哥在世俗和宗教上的主张 为一个狡猾的战术家提供权力 他很清楚天主教会在世界范围内的影响力 A concordat would underscore Franco's temporal and religious claim to power a cunning tactician he was well aware of the worldwide influence of the Catholic Church.
重要的是 弗朗哥被认为是去参加弥撒 The important thing was that Franco was seen to go to mass.
我的意思是 I mean,
我不认为弗朗哥很有宗教意味 I don't think Franco was remotely religious.
在1953年 罗马和西班牙签署了一份新的协议 In 1953 a new concordat was signed between Rome and Spain.
左翼共和国在1931年终止了旧条约 The Left Wing Republic had terminated the old treaty in 1931
与弗朗哥相反 In contrast to Franco,
教会领袖并不着急 the church leaders were in no hurry.
最初 Initially,
梵蒂冈不愿将自己正式与独裁者绑在一起 the Vatican was hesitant to bind itself officially to the dictator,
但该协议保证了神职人员和西班牙人享有广泛的特权 but the agreement assured the clergy and Spain an extensive privileges.
作为回报 In return,
这位独裁者将主教们与他的政权联系得更加紧密 因此可以要求他们不受限制的忠诚 the dictator tied the bishops to his regime even more closely and could thus demand their unrestricted loyalty.
对许多西班牙人来说 For many Spaniards,
国家与教会之间的联盟将产生深远的影响 the alliance between state and Church was to have far reaching consequences.
他们完全控制了教育 They were given complete control over education,
在审查方面 最重要的是 over censorship and above all,
在孤儿院 over the orphanages.
所以 So,
从这个角度来看 from that point of view,
弗朗哥非常清楚 这些孩子将被洗脑成 Franco knew perfectly well that these children will be brainwashed into becoming
你知道 You know,
未来基本上是忠于弗朗哥的民族主义者 basically loyal nationalist Franco his supporters in the future.
几乎不敢说他们不是天主教徒 Hardly dared say that they were not a catholic
人民害怕与众不同 people were afraid to be different.
这是一个案例 或者是避开有限公司的牧场 it was a case or avoid Ltd Ranch,
大多数人都说 mostly people say.
如果我脱离了官方的天主教思想 If I share away from official Catholic thinking,
在这方面 教会有一种心理上的存在 是很难打破的 in this respect that the church had a psychological presence which view were able to breach
甚至在公共场合接吻也是一种犯罪或丑闻 Even kissing in public is an offence and a scandal or publicly.
教会和弗朗哥政权合作的最黑暗的章节之一就是广泛的诱拐儿童 One of the darkest chapters in the cooperation between Church and Franco's regime is the widespread abduction of children.
在那个时候 At the time,
这是一个严格的秘密 this was kept a strict secret,
但多年来 but for many years,
一个由牧师组成的网络 a network of priests,
医生和孩子们的家给父母和他们的后代带来了不快 doctors and children's homes brought unhappiness to parents and their offspring.
政府系统地让孩子们远离那些反对法西斯政权的父母 The government systematically had children taken away from parents who oppose the fascist regime.
在很多情况下 In many cases,
他们的父母被监禁或者在教堂的帮助下被谋杀 the parents were imprisoned or they had even been murdered with the help of the church,
他们的孩子被抚养长大成为好基督徒和追随者 their children were to be brought up in homes to become good Christians and followers,
他们被卖给忠于政府的夫妇 他们想要一个家庭 a Franco or they were sold to couples loyal to the regime who wanted a family.
其目的是剥夺西班牙社会主义的新血液 The aim was to deprive socialism in Spain of new blood.
最初的愿望是宗教化西班牙 The original aspiration was to missionaries Spain
换句话说 in other words,
通过密集的传教工作 将所有这些恶魔从西班牙社会中清除出去 并鼓励他们为天主教教义和天主教教义建立一个社会的基础 to remove all these demons from a republished and from Spanish society through intensive missionary work and encourage them to create the foundations of a society oriented towards Catholic principles and Catholic dogma.
但在最后的分析中 But in the final analysis,
事实证明 这个目标是不可能实现的 this goal proved unattainable.
在50年代早期 In the early fifties,
传教的动机逐渐消失在背景中 the missionary motives gradually faded into the background.
到那时 弗朗哥政权已经带走了三万名妇女的孩子 By then the Franco regime had already taken children away from thirty thousand women.
有组织的绑架儿童也是一种有利可图的商业护士 因为母亲告诉他们 他们的孩子在出生后不久就去世了 The organized abduction of children was also a lucrative business nurses light to mothers telling them that their child had died soon after birth.
这种欺骗是必要的 因为婴儿在出生后第一天就死去 并以这种方式记录在案 犯罪永远不会大白于天下 This deception was necessary because the burial of an infant dying after its first day of life and to be documented this way the crime could never come to light.
阴险的收养业甚至一直持续到上世纪90年代末 弗朗哥独裁统治结束后 The sinister adoption business even continued until the late nineties long after the Franco dictatorship had come to an end.
直到新世纪的最初几年 这一丑闻才被公之于众 It was not until the early years of the new century that the scandal became public.
从那时起 Since then.
许多西班牙人一直被关于他们的真实家庭是谁的问题所困扰 many Spaniards have been plagued by the question of who their true family is.
pe勒Navarro帮助有组织的儿童诱拐的受害者寻找真相 Peeler Navarro helps the victims of organised child abduction in their search for truth,
她自己的女儿被人偷走了 her own daughter was stolen from her.
在弗朗哥统治下 Under the Franco regime.
我在一家由慈善机构经营的私人诊所里生下了我的孩子 I gave birth to my child in a private clinic run by the sisters of charity.
她躺在我的怀里 She lay at my breast
但他们立刻把她从我身边带走了 but they took her away from me straight away.
我被告知她有呼吸道疾病 需要放在保温箱里 I was told that she had respiratory problems and needed to be put in an incubator.
我们很担心 we were concerned,
于是她父亲去保温箱看她 当他被告知第二次去的时候 so her father went down incubator to see her, when he asked to see her a second time,
一个修女告诉我们诊所缺乏必要的技术 a nun told us that the clinic had lacked the necessary technology,
所以他们不得不把孩子转去另一家医院 so they had to have to transfer the child to another hospital.
出生后不到24小时 他们再次来找我们 Less than twenty four hours after the birth they came to us once again.
告诉我们说女儿已经死了 to say that our daughter had dead.
说我们无需担心 We needn't have any worries, they said,
因为所有的东西都已经被处理过了 because everything had already been taken care of,
她只是受了洗礼 she had only been baptized,
我们很痛苦沉重 我们从未想过她可能会死 lay claim we was so overcome with pain and grave that we never imagined she might not have died.
我们应该通过询问修女们告诉我们的事情 That we should pass have questioned what the nuns told us.
在很多方面 in many respects,
医院传统上由修女管理 hospitals run by nuns tradition,
拥有最好的声誉 had the best reputation.
她还在寻找自己的女儿 Plm Navarro is still searching for her daughter.
教堂的医院 hospitals of the church,
把她刷掉 拒绝提供任何信息 brush her off and refuse to provide any information.
但她拒绝放弃 But she refuses to give up.
的确 Indeed,
从2017年继续她在法庭上的斗争 since 2017 PianoParo has also continued her fight through the courts.
国家没有给我们任何希望 家庭要面对的是孩子被偷了 但没人帮忙寻找 The state has given us no hope however. The family is the facted and the children was stolen and have received no assistance in taking advice in a search.
犯罪的人受到了保护 The people who committed the crimes are being protected.
但受影响的是联合部队 But those affected are joining forces.
被窃儿童的数量为三十万 The number of children who were stolen is put at three hundred thousand.
都是DNA样本证明单 Both all space certificates DNA samples,
护士的陈述说 statements by the nurse says,
或者是在搜索框里的一个帝国里的孩子们 or for an empire in a search box children.
这就是这类信息的来源 This is where the information of this kind,
公共检察官似乎也是 that the public prosecutor is also seem.
它将进行全面的调查 it will be carrying out a full investigation
我的女儿在三天之后被带走了 My daughter was taken after three days.
他们从我父母那里偷走了我的双胞胎妹妹 They stole my twin sister from my parents
我想知道我从哪里来 我在找我母亲 她可能也在找我 I want to know where I come from and I find my mother who is perhaps looking for me too
我是否有兄弟姐妹 Do I have siblings on idea
不知道正常 No idea of normalcy.
DNA数据库仍然可以清理大量的案例 让家庭重新团聚 DNA databases could still clear up a lot of cases and bring families together again.
只有很小的可能性 大多数有罪的人都能被带进书中 There is only a slim chance that most of those who are guilty can ever be brought to book.
大规模的 Large scale,
儿童诱拐 child abduction,
在天主教会的祝福下 极权体系令人不安的结局 the disquieting end of a totalitarian system with the blessing of the Catholic Church.
但是国家元首不仅寻求精神上的帮助 But jefe de Estado sought not only spiritual help,
但也有坚实的政治支持 but also solid political support.
冷战使弗朗哥在1953年成为重要战略伙伴 The Cold War made Franco and important strategic partner in 1953
美国和西班牙签署了驻军地位协议 The United States and Spain signed a status of forces agreement.
弗朗哥同意建立美国 Franco consented to the establishment of U.
作为回报 他们得到了经济和军事援助 S bases and in return received economic and military aid.
美国人因此实现了他们的目标 没有西班牙独裁者成为北约的一员 The Americans that thus achieve their goal and without the Spanish dictator becoming a member of NATO.
另外还有三个飞机基地 Three aircraft bases were built in addition,
在腐朽的安达卢西亚 in rotten in Andalusia,
建立了一个大型海军基地 a large naval base was established.
在欧洲大陆唯一的一个 the only one in mainland Europe for U.
S型潜艇装备有核导弹 S submarines armed with nuclear missiles.
一条长达八百公里的管道为燃料提供了基础 An eight hundred kilometer long pipeline supplied the basis with fuel.
此外 In addition,
整个西班牙都建立了规模较小的军事设施 smaller military facilities were set up all over Spain.
美国 The U.
美国空军至今仍在使用两种方法 S air force still uses two of the basis to day.
与美国武装部队的协议似乎对弗朗哥来说是件好事 The deal with the American armed forces appeared to be good business for Franco.
仅在头五年里 总司令就获得了三点五亿美元的军事援助 The GENERALISSIMO collected three hundred and fifty million dollars in military aid in the first five years alone.
他得到的经济援助包括食物 The economic aid he received consisted of food,
动物饲料和人工肥料 animal fodder and artificial fertilizer,
以及制造消费品的原材料 as well as raw materials for manufacturing consumer goods.
无论它对美国人有用 And wherever it proved useful to the Americans,
西班牙的基础设施也得到了改善 Spain's infrastructure was also improved.
西班牙的宣传活动庆祝签署该条约是一项重大胜利 而弗朗哥则是一位有远见的政治家 Spanish propaganda celebrated the signing of the Treaty as a major triumph and Franco as a farsighted statesman.
但同时也提出了批评的声音 But critical voices were also raised.
当西班牙对你提出异议时 When objections would be made in Spain in terms of you,
我们想要拥有核武器的美国飞机在马德里的隔壁 do we want nuclear armed American aircraft to be station next door to Madrid,
尽管所有这些反对意见 though all of these kind of objections?
弗朗哥指示参与谈判的外交官们 Franco instructed the diplomats who were engaged in the negotiations.
做任何必要的事情来达成这个协议 Do whatever is necessary to get this agreement.
这不是平等的协议 It was not a deal between equals.
政治对弗朗哥的生存至关重要 Politically it was important to Franco for survival.
对于美国人来说 这是纯粹的军事协议 For the Americans it was a purely military agreement clerical.
自然地 Naturally,
他们很清楚弗朗哥在谈判中的弱势地位 they were well aware of Franco's weak bargaining position.
你能得到尽可能多的东西 You got as much out of it as they could.
弗朗哥让西班牙人完全可以 Franco had made a Spain completely available to them.
如果发生了最坏的情况 In the event of a worst case scenario,
华盛顿将会有完全的行动自由 因为这是由附加条款保证的 Washington would have complete freedom of action on the basis this was guaranteed by additional clauses,
这是一个政权可以看到的东西 something the regime can see of right to the end.
在第三次世界大战中 In a third world war,
该协议将使西班牙成为苏联核导弹的目标 the deal would have made Spain the target for Soviet nuclear missiles.
军事合作的危险 The dangers of this military cooperation,
即使在和平时期 even in peacetime,
1966年1月份变得很明显 became evident in January in 1966
与另一架飞机在安达卢西亚的Palomides发生碰撞 nine hundred and sixty six in a collision with another aircraft over Palomides in Andalusia,
一架美国B-50轰炸机丢失了四枚氢弹 an American B-50 bomber lost four hydrogen bombs.
没有一枚炸弹爆炸 但对释放的放射性辐射产生了影响 None of the bombs exploded but on impact to released radioactive radiation.
一千四百吨被污染的地球必须被移走 One thousand four hundred tons of contaminated earth had to be removed.
这种放射性污染的痕迹至今仍可以测量 Traces of this radioactive contamination can still be measured today.
直到八十天之后 第四枚炸弹才从海上打捞上来 It was not until eighty days later that the fourth bomb was salvaged from the sea.
西班牙人民几乎没有被告知此次事故的严重程度 The people of Spain were told virtually nothing about the magnitude of the accident.
秘密地 Secretly,
然而 however,
就连独裁者也对 驻军地位协议 中的条款感到愤怒 even the dictator was furious at the clauses in the status of forces Agreement.
作为回报 美国的服务是小小的安慰 The American services in return was small comfort.
考虑到西班牙的巨大安全风险 In view of the immense safety risks for Spain
明显弗朗哥会抱怨 On the choirs,Franco would complain,
他会说 美国人做的唯一一件好事就是为妓女带来生意 he'd say the only good thing the Americans have done is bring business for prostitutes,
但与美国的协议也具有全球政治层面 but the deal with the United States also had a global political dimension.
华盛顿和梵蒂冈现在已经和弗朗哥签订了协议 Washington and the Vatican had now signed agreements with Franco.
这意味着内战中的胜利者终于获得了一些国际认可 This meant that the victor in the civil war had at last achieved some international recognition.
在1959年 and in 1959
美国总统德怀特d艾森豪威尔甚至访问了弗朗哥的独裁统治 S President Dwight d Eisenhower even paid a visit to Franco's dictatorship.
当艾森豪威尔来访时 When Eisenhower came to visit,
你可以看到弗朗哥哭了 you can see Franco was crying.
这是对他的野心的一种认可 It's a kind of endorsement of his ambition.
你知道 You know,
我和地球上最伟大的人在一起 here I am with the greatest man on Earth,
我是他的平等 and I'm his equal.
弗朗哥在西方列强的陪伴下看到了自己 Franco saw himself in the company of the Western powers.
我爱他们的对手 I love them for the opposition.
当然 Of course,
在某种程度上 这是非常令人沮丧的 因为他们曾希望这个政权会因为它的赚钱能力而崩溃 it was extremely depressing in a way because they had hoped that the regime would simply collapse out of its earning competence.
艾森豪威尔的访问是一种荣誉 Eisenhower's visit was a kind of accolade.
这是弗朗哥个人的主要动力 最终确立了他在西班牙的权力地位 It was a major impetus to Franco personal, it finally secured his power position in Spain.
弗朗哥 Franco,
看起来 it seemed,
已经摆脱了他的法西斯主义的名声 had shed his fascist reputation.
但是 这位独裁者打算如何规划西班牙的未来呢 But what was the dictator planning The Spains future?
美国公共广播公司美国继续关注西班牙历史上最黑暗的一章关于弗兰卡的真相 PBS America continues its look at the darkest chapter in Spanish history in the truth about franca.
弗朗西斯科弗朗哥是欧洲历史上最神秘的独裁者之一 Francisco Franco was one of the most enigmatic dictators in European history.
即使在今天 Even today,
西班牙仍然肩负着他的黑暗遗产的重担 Spain still shoulders the burden of his dark legacy.
他对他的政权的爱的影响是巨大的 The impact of his love of his regime is tremendous.
直到今天 To this day,
一场血腥的内战使他成为最高领袖 a bloody civil war made him supreme leader.
然后他利用一切可用的手段来保持权力 He then used every available means to retain power.
他认为自己是西班牙弗朗哥的救星 不想放弃权力 He saw himself as the savior of Spain's Franco did not want to relinquish power.
他紧紧地抓住了它 he clung to it to the very end.
当他1975年绝望死去时 When he desperate died in 1975
他留下一个分裂的国家 把许多秘密带进坟墓 he left behind a divided country and took many secrets with him to the grave.
第二次世界大战之后 弗朗哥 After the second World War Franco,
阿道夫希特勒的崇拜者 an admirer of Adolf Hitler,
不得不去寻找新的合作伙伴 had to look the new partners,
但他们有自己的特殊利益 but they had their own specific interest.
在西班牙 in Spain,
元首的政权 de estado's regime,
适应全球形势 并在此过程中 adapted to the global situation and in doing so,
在内部受到了压力 came under pressure internally.
那个独裁者已经老了 The dictator had grown old.
继任者的问题是他亲自处理的问题 The question of a successor was an issue he dealt with personally,
但是年轻的国王 在弗朗哥的恩典下 对西班牙的未来有自己的计划 but the young King by the Grace of Franco and had his own plans for Spain's future.
在多年的经济停滞之后 After many years of stagnation in 1950
1950年的西班牙经历了经济复苏 Spain to experienced an economic upswing,
受到来自国外的资本的推动 boosted by capital from abroad.
弗朗哥在外交政策上的成功开辟了新的视角 巩固了他对权力的掌控 Franco's foreign policy successes opened up new perspectives and cemented his grip on power.
独裁者像君主一样统治 The dictator ruled like a monarch,
ElPardo the El Pardo,
皇家宫殿是一个完美的背景 the Royal Palace served as a perfect backdrop.
这里 Here.
自我 self,
自信而冷漠 confident and aloof.
弗朗哥站在舞台中央 Franco took center stage.
这让西班牙王室在内战前的动乱中感到烦恼 Much to the annoyance of the Spanish Royal House in the unrest that preceded the Civil War,
阿方索十三世国王流亡海外 国王去世后其子胡安继承了王位 King Alfonso XIII had gone into exile. since the King's death Alfonso's son Juan had laid claim to the throne.
从他在葡萄牙的住所 From his residence in Portugal,
他坚持要弗朗哥信守旧诺言 重新建立君主政体 he insisted that Franco keep an old promise and reestablish the monarchy.
弗朗哥从来没有想过要恢复君主制 因为它会削弱他的权力 Franco never intended to restore the monarchy because it would have diminished his own power,
然而 however,
让君主主义者高兴 to keep the monarchists happy.
在1940年 他通过了一项被称为继承的法律 In nineteen forty seven he passed a law which is called a load of succession,
它宣称西班牙是一个王国 which declared that Spain was a kingdom,
但是 这是一个没有国王的王国 在周一的时候 弗朗西斯科弗朗哥的人就会有一个区域 but that it was a kingdom without a king that would have a regions in the person of Francisco Franco by Monday.
但胡安太子为他的家庭的未来提供了一个视角 But Don Juan secured a perspective for his family's future.
在1958年 In 1958
他同意送他的儿子胡安卡洛斯给弗朗哥 he agreed to send his son Juan Carlos to Franco.
他自己的自由主义观点排除了胡安自己作为接班人的可能性 His own liberal views ruled out Don Juan himself as a successor.
实际上 Effectively,
弗朗哥是怎么对胡安说的 what Franco is saying to Don Juan?
如果你想登上王位 If you ever want to be on the throne,
如果你想让你的家人回到王位上 if you want your family to come back and bail on the throne,
你让我拥有你的商店 你让我以我想要的方式训练你的儿子 you let me have your shop and you let me train your son in the ways that I want.
弗朗哥在他的羽翼下拿走了一个卡洛斯 Franco took one Carlos under his wing.
他接受了必要的训练 精英学校和军校 王子是独裁者的一种保障 he received the necessary drill that elite schools and military academies the prince was a kind of security for the dictator.
他保护弗朗哥不受皇室的任何草率的指控 He protected Franco from any over hasty claims by the royal House.
国家元首认为他自己的权力是无可争辩的 jefe de Estado regarded his own claim to power as incontestable.
弗朗哥认为自己对西班牙的和平至关重要 Franco saw himself as absolutely essential to the peace of Spain and,
像任何一个长期执政的独裁者一样 like any long serving dictator,
他总是觉得他一走 he always felt that as soon as he was gone,
那将会被杀死 that was going to be killed.
弗朗哥确信人民站在他的身后 Franco was convinced that the people stood behind him.
多亏了外国援助 Thanks to foreign aid,
西班牙的生活条件已经改善 living conditions in Spain had improved.
这肯定是为了确保忠诚吗 Surely that had to ensure a loyalty?
但西班牙社会正在发生变化 But Spanish society was changing.
该政权面临新的挑战 the regime faced new challenges.
新一代的时代已经来临 The time for a new generation first had to come
我们是那一代人 We were that generation,
那些在内战中出生的人 those born during the civil war.
你没有被恐怖统治留下的伤痕 you were not scarred by the reign of terror.
我们没有经历过战争期间的镇压 所以我们会重建 We had not experienced the repression that occurred during the war and afterwards so we will build them.
在1956年 In 1956
马德里大学成为第一个动乱的地方 the University of Madrid became the first scene of unrest.
它的学生在独裁者的眼中呼吁自由和民主 its students called for freedom and democracy in the eyes of the dictator.
这相当于弑父 因为示威者来自他一直偏爱的上层阶级 that was tantamount to patricide because the demonstrators came from the very upper class he had always favoured.
父母都是弗朗哥忠实的追随者 The parents were loyal followers of Franco,
但是他们的后代突然开始抗议 but their offspring were suddenly protesting.
我们想要民主化 we wanted democratisation,
民主党派之类的 democratic parties, and so on
我们没有任何国家议会 we didn't have any country congress
我们只是想要一个正常的民主国家 像法国 We just wanted a normal democratic country like France,
战后的德国或意大利 postwar German, or Italy
但实际上 正是法西斯党在西班牙的大学中占据了主导地位 因为弗朗哥也用他的长枪党来控制这个国家的学术生活 But it was actually the fascist Party that held sway in Spain's universities because Franco also used his falangist to control the country's academic life.
他们共同的国家元首是对大学的不信任 and they shared jefe de Estado is mistrust of the universities,
这被认为是危险的左翼思想的潜在滋生地 which was seen as potential breeding grounds for dangerous leftwing ideas.
马德里的学生抗议必须尽快结束 The student protests in Madrid had to be ended as quickly as possible,
必要时用武力 if necessary by force.
长枪党担心抗议活动愈演愈烈 The falange was afraid of the protests gathering momentum,
所以它占据了大学 so it occupy the university.
当我到达时 When I arrived,
到处都是身着制服的长枪党员 it was full of armed falangists in uniform,
他们接管了整个大学 they'd taken over the entire university
当学生们坐在教室里的时候 他们突然开始动武 we students were sitting in a lecture theater, the falangist suddenly began to posts.
我们进行了抵抗 一场真正的战斗随之而来 We put up resistance and a real battle ensued.
桌子和椅子被砸碎了 我们拿起椅子腿袭击了长枪党 Tables and chairs were smashed we picked up the chair legs and attack the falangist sweetness.
大学完全被拆散了 the university was completely taken apart
在学校的校园里 一天到下一天 抵抗都无法抑制 The resistance could not be stifled from one day to the next at the university's campus,
曾经对彼此怀有敌意 现在形成了对弗朗哥的广泛联盟 once hostile to one another now formed a broad alliance against Franco.
警方接到命令 要减少酷刑和政治谋杀 The police had been ordered to cut back on torture and political murder.
这给了工人们越来越多的勇气去抵抗 This gave the workers more and more courage to resist.
弗朗哥的通货膨胀政策对西班牙普通民众产生了巨大的影响 Franco's inflationary policies were having a dramatic impact on ordinary Spanish people.
物价每天都在上涨 Prices were rising day by day,
但在数个工业中心的一千九百五十六名工人中 工资仍然保持不变 but wages remained static in one thousand nine hundred and fifty six workers in several industrial centers downed tools.
这个政权开始感到民众的愤怒 The regime was beginning to feel the anger of the masses.
刘易斯 小金属在安达卢西亚的农场工人中经历了抗议的开始 Lewis Little Metal experienced the start of the protests as a farm laborer in Andalusia.
像其他许多人一样 Like many others,
他希望能在巴塞罗那找到更好的工作条件 he hoped to find better working conditions in Barcelona.
1950年 农场工人逐渐开始动员起来 In the 1950 farm labourers gradually began to mobilize.
但是现在每个人都想赚至少一笔钱 But now everyone wanted to earn at least a certain amount of money,
不仅仅是现金本身 not just for the cash itself,
但是出于纯粹的需要 but out of pure necessity
工业的发展速度要快得多 因为需要的不仅仅是劳动力 things moved a lot faster in industry because more than labor was needed there.
所以有很多工人聚在一起 so lots of workers came together
在工厂里 我们更容易提出各种抗议和要求 In a factory much easier for us to protest and make demands of all kinds
他们不可能得到他们 they can't quite get them.
但是罢工者和示威者并不能代表所有的西班牙人 But the strikers and demonstrators did not represent all Spaniards.
许多人仍然是弗朗哥的 Many were still Francie's does
二十年的战争和专制留下了深深的伤痕 Twenty years of war and despotism that left deep scars,
数以百万计的西班牙人已经接受了这个政权 millions of Spaniards had come to terms with the regime.
他们不相信独裁会很快结束 They did not believe that the dictatorship will end all that quickly.
在西班牙与美国签署了一项被认为不太可能的协议后 After Spain signed the agreement with the United States that was regarded as unlikely
只要美国人支持弗朗哥 As long as the American are supportive of Franco.
这个政权不会简单地拥抱民主 The regime would not simply embrace democracy
虽然这是许多西班牙人想要的 which is what many people in Spain wanted.
所以他们只关注日常生活 So they simply focused on everyday life.
而不是政治上的思考 instead of thinking politically
对很多人来说 For many,
足球是一种受欢迎的消遣 football was a welcome distraction.
在五十年代中期 In the mid fifties,
国际上的成功 the international successes,
皇家马德里和巴塞罗那被热烈地庆祝了体育运动的情感体验 团结了整个国家 Real Madrid and Barcelona was celebrated frenetically the emotional experience of sport united the nation,
特别是在国家对战场上发生的事情没有影响的情况下 especially as the state had no influence over what happened on the field.
大多数西班牙人对当地俱乐部更感兴趣 而不是大政治 Most Spaniards were more interested in the local club than in big politics.
总让人着迷的是 what always fascinated,
不管西班牙的哪个地区 was that no matter what part of Spain era
所有人告诉你 一个人一生中最重要的事情 必须成为一个足球俱乐部先例 everyone told you the most important thing in a man's life was to become a precedent of a football club
弗朗哥的宣传机器很快就意识到这一潜力 并寻求与西班牙顶级俱乐部建立密切的关系 Franco's propaganda machine quickly realized the potential that presented itself and sought close relations with Spain's top clubs.
他们的胜利是弗朗哥的胜利 Their triumphs were to be Franco's triumphs,
成功 success,
在这个过程中 国家元首可以晒太阳 in which jefe de Estado could bask.
足球在全世界都很受欢迎 独裁政权也利用这项运动来提升自己在海外的形象 Football is popular worldwide and the dictatorship also used the sport to polish its image abroad.
在你谈论它的时候站在这个网站上 At the time you were talking it,
他为皇家马德里效力 He plays for real Madrid
给你赢得了个联赛冠军 you won a league champions.
你是最棒的 You're the best, they says, the greatest
毕竟 After all,
我们代表皇家马德里 不管你是否外国人 we represented Real Madrid and whether you are a foreign or not
你也代表了西班牙 you also represented Spain
自然 对于我们必须如何表现 制定了严格的准则 naturally, strict guidelines were laid down as to how we had to behave
但从长远来看 But in the long run,
在球场上令人印象深刻的胜利并不能掩盖经济问题 the impressive triumphs on the pitch could not mask the economic problems.
在这十年的末期 Towards the end of the decade,
50年代早期的经济增长紧随其后的是下一场危机 the upswing of the early fifties was followed by the next crisis.
因为弗朗哥的通货膨胀政治 Because of Franco's inflationary politics,
物价飞涨 prices soared.
现在 不仅仅是下层阶级面临着即将到来的贫困 Now it wasn't just the lower classes who faced impending poverty.
全国有一半的人受到了影响 Half the country was affected.
弗朗哥必须掌握供应情况 Franco had to get a grip of the supply situation,
即使这意味着西班牙进一步陷入债务危机 even if it meant Spain sliding further into debt.
这个国家不得不从德国进口昂贵的工业产品 The country had to import expensive industrial goods from Germany,
例如 for example,
但就西班牙而言 它所提供的不仅仅是柑橘类水果 but for its part Spain at little more to offer than citrus fruits.
需要越来越多的贷款 More and more loans were needed,
政府迟早会破产 and sooner or later the state would be bankrupt.
你的政权注意到它必须做些事情 your regime and noticed that it had to do something
不止是因为无节制的通货膨胀 而是因为它没有外汇 有中期债务 not because of the unbridled inflation, because it had no foreign exchange it has medium term debts
我们说五年 we're talking about five years
西班牙没办法获得外汇 用长枪党来寻求自给自足是不可能的 Spain had no way of securing foreign exchange and there was an alternative pursuing selfsufficiency with the falange was out of the question.
如果他的独裁统治得以幸存 弗朗哥就深陷困境 Franco was in deep trouble if his dictatorship was to survive,
他必须允许改革 he had to allow reforms.
在1957年 In 1957
这位独裁者采取了严厉的措施 第一次更换了18位部长中的12位 the dictator took drastic measures and replaced twelve out of eighteen ministers for the first time.
他填满了内阁的职位 He filled cabinet posts,
不是和奴才 not with Minions,
但是有了专家 but with experts.
弗朗哥是六十五岁 Franco is sixty five.
这是大多数人退休的时候 It's the time where most people retire.
事情已经改变了弗朗哥 Things have changed Frank,
世卫组织不再有能力管理这样一个社会 who is no longer capable of running such a society,
他需要技术官僚 he needs technocrats.
他需要技术人员来完成这项工作 he needs technicians who will do the job.
新部长们有一个激进的计划 他们想要在国际上开放西班牙市场 这样经济才能最终发展 The new ministers had a radical plan they wanted to open up the Spanish market internationally so that the economy could at last develop.
其目的是提高生活水平 从而抑制抗议活动 The aim was to improve living standards and thus stifled protest.
很多改革者都属于天主教会的世俗组织 Many of the reformers belong to Opus Dei a lay organization of the Catholic Church,
在西班牙 他们的成员被认为是特别神秘的 whose members were regarded as particularly secretive in Spain.
主业会特别强大 Opus Dei was especially powerful.
在弗朗哥的纵容下 With Franco's indulgence,
从五十年代早期开始 since the early fifties,
越来越多的主业会成员在政府和社会中占据了重要的位置 more and more members of Opus dei had been occupying key positions in government and society.
在它自己的教育设施中 In its own educational facilities,
天主教组织培养了年轻人的领导角色 并传授了一种精英的世界观 the Catholic organization trained young peoples the leadership roles and imparted an elitist conception of the world.
它的创始人何塞 ESC 从一开始就把目光投向了西班牙受过高等教育的精英阶层 Its founder Jose ESC Lever that set his sights on Spain's highly educated elite right from the start.
这是他招募追随者的地方 This is where he recruited his followers.
目标是让他们占据关键位置 控制国家的命运 The aim was for them to occupy key positions and control the state's destiny.
主业会给予弗朗哥保守的基督教事业全力支持 Opus Dei gave Franco's Conservative Christian cause its full support.
毫无疑问 他们拥有一个完全自由的市场 因为在周二 There was no question of them having a completely free market because being on Tuesday,
他们不想要的一件事是 任何东西基本上都是反政府或反天主教的 the one thing they did not want to have was that anything which was basically an anti regime or anti catholic an uptick,
这是非常受控制的 the way so it was extremely controlled.
计划中的改革完全是一种经济性质 The planned reforms were solely of an economic nature.
他们的设计主要是为了维护独裁统治 They were designed primarily to maintain the dictatorship,
但即便如此 but even so,
这位虔诚的绅士费了好大劲 the pious gentleman had a lot of trouble
才使弗朗哥相信他们的计划 convincing Franco of their plan.
他清楚地告诉他 他不能再开车了 因为这个国家没有汽油 it was made plain to him that he could no longer drive in his car because the country had no petrol.
供应还没有到位 Supplies weren't forthcoming
他也被告知 随着人们对政治动荡越来越不满 这种情况将会增加 he was also told that as people became increasingly dissatisfied with political unrest would increase
只有到那时 他才准备好接受经济变革 Only then was he prepared to accept economic change
但他从未真正支持过 but he never actually supported it.
改革背后的推动力量是长期的 The driving force behind the reform was a long standing,
弗朗哥的忠实支持者 loyal supporter of Franco,
海军上将的职业生涯 或者是一个天主教徒 他为主业会铺平了道路 进入了政权的领导圈 Admiral Career or Blanket a Catholic who had paved the way for Opus Dei to enter the regime's leadership circle.
弗朗哥的头发是最后一个人 他找到了一个能让他的政权延续下去的人 以及他对政治和社会停滞的看法 Franco hair fell to the last he had found somebody who would perpetuate his regime and his idea of total political and social stagnation.
到目前为止 Up to this point,
西班牙的政权完全是朝向它的头 the regime in Spain had been oriented entirely towards its head,
国家元首的弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 jefe de Estado Francisco Franco.
这使它变得脆弱 This made it vulnerable.
卡拉多的技术官僚们现在正在考虑未来 Carrados technocrats were now thinking of the future.
有一天谁会接替弗朗哥 Who would succeed Franco one day?
在他们眼中 In their eyes,
胡安卡洛斯王子只是几个候选人之一 他是自由派的父亲 他可能会对这个年轻人产生负面影响 Prince Juan Carlos was merely one of several candidates is liberal Father Don One could have a negative influence on the young man.
弗朗哥也一样 So Franco too,
如果他怀疑一个卡洛斯 had his doubts about one Carlos,
他的忠诚 his loyalty.
他真的能相信他的门徒吗 Could he really trust his protege?
弗兰卡快七十岁了 Franca was nearing seventy,
这引发了对他继任者的猜测 which fueled speculation about his successor.
独裁者的家人也引起了公众的注意 The dictator's family also drew public attention.
当弗朗哥的女儿 When Franco's daughter,
carmencita carmencita,
和孙子一起做国家元首 presented jefe de Estado with a grandson,
争夺王位的竞争似乎又一次完全打开了 the race for the throne again seemed totally open.
弗朗哥自己从来没有说过一个他不想匆忙的词 Franco himself never said a word he didn't want to rush.
相反 Instead,
他继续对候选人保持安静的观察 he continued to keep a quiet watch on the candidates.
主业会的改革者们知道 这个政权的未来也取决于他们的成功 The reformers of Opus Dei knew that the future of the regime also depended on their success.
只有结束经济困难才能打破人民对自由的渴望和抵抗的精神 Only an end to the economic hardship would break the people's desire for freedom and the spirit of resistance.
但最初开放市场只会加剧危机 But initially opening up the market only aggravated the crisis.
许多人发现养家糊口更加困难 Many found it even harder to feed their family.
再一次 Once again,
工人和小规模企业家的主要受害者成千上万失去了工作 the main victims with the workers and small scale entrepreneurs thousands lost their job,
许多企业突然变得无利可图 不得不关门大吉 many businesses suddenly became unprofitable and had to close.
所以很明显 对于这些失业的人 他们组成了一个动乱工厂 我们必须要做些什么 so it became clear that something had to be done about these people who had become unemployed and who constituted an unrest factory.
历史上的巧合会有它 and a historical coincidence would have it.
在这段时间里 欧洲其他国家正经历着经济上的增长 This was a time when the rest of Europe was experiencing an economic upswing
整个欧洲的工业都在蓬勃发展 Industry was booming virtually all over Europe,
但不是在伊比利亚半岛上 but not on the Iberian Peninsula.
西欧的经济奇迹已经超过了西班牙 The West European economic miracle had passed by Spain.
正是在这种情况下 弗朗哥发现了一种新的出口商品 It was in this situation that Franco discovered a new export commodity,
劳工 labor.
西班牙工作移民的主要目的地国家是瑞士 The main destination countries for Spanish work immigrants were Switzerland,
西德 West Germany.
在法国 In France.
英国和比荷卢三国也接受来自西班牙的外来工人 Great Britain and the Benelux countries also accept in guest workers from Spain.
1960年 将近150万西班牙人离开了他们的家乡历史的顶峰 In the 1960 is nearly one and a half million Spaniards left their homeland historic peak.
一开始 At first,
西德对弗朗哥政府的询问反应谨慎 West Germany reacted cautiously to inquiries from Franco State,
更多的信任来自意大利的工人 placing more faith instead in workers from Italy.
直到80年代初 波恩政府才与马德里签订了一项劳工招募协议 It was not until the early eighties than the government in Bonn also concluded a labor recruitment agreement with Madrid in cone.
乔斯贝尔顿只是作为一个退休老人回到他的西班牙家乡 Jose Belton only return to his Spanish homeland as a pensioner.
今天 他关注世界各地的客工的利益 Today he looks after the interests of guest workers worldwide.
在二十五岁的时候 At the age of twenty five,
他们将向奥伯豪森左转 they'll turn left Madrid for Oberhausen.
我离开他去看一个不同的世界 我将在这里有更多的机会 I left him to see a different world and I'm going to have more opportunities
我是疯狂的奥利维亚 here I was madly Olivia.
我从来没能拥有一辆车 I've never been able to own a car.
我没有钱 也没有窗户汽车 I had no money and the window cars anyway.
在1962年 In 1962
他很快就和一个德国家庭住在一起 he quickly settled in with a German family.
但他的许多同事认为 海外时间只是他们生活中的一个暂时阶段 But many of his colleagues regarded the time abroad merely as a temporary phase in their lives.
只是短暂停留 Just a brief stay.
他们中的大多数都来自于极端村或安达卢西亚 most of them came from villages in the Extremadura or Andalusia,
他们是很不错的人 工作努力 They were good,hard working paper
喜欢简单的生活 因为他们把他们的家庭和孩子抛在了后面 who like simple lives. they want it to return to Spain quickly with the money they had saved because they'd left their families and their children behind.
这很艰难 That was tough
大多数的外来工人几乎与德国社会没有任何联系 Most of the guest workers had hardly any contact with German society.
尽管如此 Nevertheless,
民主的生活是一种决定性的经历 life in a democracy was a defining experience.
然后主要是年轻人离开去国外工作 back then it was mainly young people who left to work abroad,
但他们完全不了解政治 but they had absolutely no idea about politics,
但在法国或德国 他们经历了完全不同的现实 but in France or Germany they experienced a totally different reality.
那里有工会和政党 There were trade unions and political parties
他们也成为了总工会的成员 they became members of the CGT for instance,
有经验的自由 被训练成积极 experienced freedom and trained as activist
后来他们回到西班牙并且经常在工人的斗争中扮演重要的角色 then they returning to Spain and often played an important role in the workers' struggle,
这种政治化在德国 瑞士和法国都发生了 there politicisation has taken place in Germany,Switzerland and France
来自客工的钱在西班牙非常受欢迎 The money from guest workers was extremely welcome in Franco's Spain,
但他们对西方自由的体验可能是危险的 but their experience of the freedoms of the West could prove dangerous.
弗朗哥把他的信仰寄托在爱国主义上 Franco placed his faith in patriotism.
为了将外来工人与他们的祖国联系起来 In order to bind the guest workers to their homeland,
去西班牙度假的时候 holiday trips to Spain were offered,
伴随着大量的小的存在 along with lots of small presence.
在西班牙政府派了一些团体在平安夜 in the Spanish Government sent show groups on Christmas Eve,
例如 for example,
在德国有很多西班牙人居住的地方 to places in Germany where lots of Spanish people live,
这就像一个小小的西班牙庆典 and it was like a small Spanish celebration,
他们这样做是为了迎合西班牙人的工作 they did it to ingratiate themselves with a Spanish gas for work,
但他们不想把大量的钱花在家里 这样做可以帮助西班牙摆脱经济危机 but they don't want to spend a lot of money home and in doing so helps Spain out of its economic crisis.
仅在1960年 In 1960 alone,
客工们向西班牙寄去了相当于26.5亿欧元的资金 guest workers sent the equivalent of twenty six point five billion euros back to Spain,
新鲜的资本和新鲜的空气 fresh capital and a breath of fresh air.
保护主义的终结最终使西班牙获得了更多的海外贷款 同时也获得了更多的收入 The end of protectionism at last paid off Spain received more loans from abroad and also achieved greater revenues itself.
夏季过后 旅游业尤其带来了外汇 Tourism especially brought in foreign exchange summer after summer.
从五十年代末开始 Since the late fifties,
越来越多的外国人在西班牙的海滩度假 more and more foreigners had been spending their holidays on Spain's beaches.
旅游业已经变得非常遥远 Tourism had become far and away.
最重要的增长领域 The most important growth sector.
那时候 Back then,
许多德国人发现纽约人很快就会成为他们最喜欢的岛屿 many Germans discovered New Yorker would soon became their favourite island.
前导游汉斯比尔凯萨在纽约人的早期经历中 与来自国外的可疑专家一起发展成为假日天堂 Former tour guide Hans Beer Kaiser experience the early days as New Yorker developed into a holiday paradise with dubious experts from abroad.
当我1956年前第一次来到纽约的时候 When I came to New York for the first time in 1956
我很惊讶地听到不是西班牙语 英语或者法语 而是佛兰德斯 I was amazed to hear not Spanish, English or French beings spoken but Flemish
根据我同事告诉我的 according to what my colleagues told me,
说弗莱芒语的肯定是佛兰德前士兵 both speaking Flemish must been former soldiers of the Flenders as institutions.
他们中的一些人在战争结束前的好时光逃到了西班牙 他们建立了一个高效而可靠的机构 a few of them who had fled to Spain in good time before the end of the war had opened an agency which functions so efficiently and reliably.
但是西班牙人只能从中学习 But the Spaniards could only learn from it
对于许多在独裁统治下度假的人来说 这不是问题 For many holidaying in a dictatorship was not a problem.
然后是旅游部长 that then it was the Minister of Tourism,Raga,
提出了著名口号 西班牙与众不同 calling the famous slogan Espana as Differentiae, Spain is different.
他想重提浪漫的陈词滥调 he wanted to revive the romantic cliche,
但是这个口号 我也有政治内涵 but the slogan I also had a political connotation,
我们在各个方面都是不同的 we are different in every way.
我们也有不同的政治制度 We also have a different political system
但如果你来找我们 but if you come to us,
这是你必须排除的 that is something you will have to except
但是很多比基尼女郎都充满了生活的乐趣 But the many bikini clad girls full of the joys of life,
也构成了威胁 also constituted a threat.
当经济改革者吸引越来越多的游客来到这个国家的时候 While economic reformers were attracting more and more tourists to the country,
这个政权害怕传统价值观的衰落 the regime feared the decline of traditional values.
他非常担心这会对西班牙青年产生什么影响 He was extremely uneasy about what effect this would have on Spanish youth,
那种认为其他人可以在衣服和其他东西中传播流行音乐的想法 the idea that other people could travel the pop music that was coming in the clothing and all the rest of it.
所有这些都被破坏了 All of this completely undermined,
在他看来 in his view,
这是西班牙社会应该建立的基础 the basis of what Spanish society should be.
弗朗哥和教会不希望西方的道德标准下降 Franco and the Church did not want any Western style decline in moral standards,
你经常看到这种保证是很严重的 you often saw the guarantee are severely.
你会通过他们引人注目的记录你的心来认出他们 You would recognize them by their conspicuous recording your hearts.
当我第一次来的时候 When I first came,
他们密切关注着海滩上发生的事情 they kept a close eye on what was happening on the beaches
但是当你亲吻和拥抱等时 but then you're kissing and cuddling and so on
这个场景是不可接受的 the scene as unacceptable
当物是人非后 as time passed the things changed
我看到了自己 I saw myself
随着游客数量的增加 how as the number of tourists increase
塞维利亚睁一只眼闭一只眼 不再打扰 gorillaSeville turned a blind eye more and more and didn't really bother.
游客们喜欢阳光和乐趣 Tourists were into sun and fun.
几乎没有人对弗朗哥的监狱感兴趣 Hardly anyone was interested in Franco's prisons.
由于便宜的套餐优惠 Thanks to inexpensive package offers,
越来越多的度假者有能力乘坐飞机去地中海 more and more holidaymakers could afford to fly to the Mediterranean.
到1960年 By 1960
每年的游客数量已经达到了六百万 the annual number of tourists had already reached six million.
繁荣还在继续 The boom continued.
地中海的酒店容量已经延伸 With hotel capacities of the Mediterranean stretched,
政府不得不做出反应 the government had to react.
接下来的一年打破了所有记录 The following year broke all records.
到1975年 By 1975
游客数量增加了五倍 达到三千万一年 the number of tourists that increased fivefold to thirty million a year.
考虑到这一宝藏 In view of this bonanza,
你和大弗朗哥给了旅游业自由的统治 thy and large Franco gave tourism free reign.
这导致了丑陋的巨型酒店的不受控制的建设 This resulted in the uncontrolled construction of ugly giant hotels.
许多西班牙人对他们的海岸被混凝土覆盖而感到很不高兴 Many Spanish people were far from happy that their coasts being concreted over.
但是 游客的入侵也在使这个贫穷的国家重新站起来的过程中发挥了重要作用 But the tourist invasion also played a major role in getting the impoverished country back on its feet.
随着西班牙经济的发展在20世纪是独一无二的 Spanish economy now grew in a way that was unique in the twentieth century,
那时候 did back then,
平均来说 on average,
实现了7%左右的经济增长率 economic growth rate of around seven percent was achieved,
世界上最高的 one of the highest worldwide.
西班牙的经济奇迹终于在六百年到达了海上 成为了繁荣的象征 The Spanish economic miracle had finally arrived on the roads to sea at six hundred became the symbol of the boom.
经过多年的剥夺 After years of deprivation,
人们终于松了一口气 the people were able to breathe a sigh of relief.
我们成功了 We've made it.
生活水平不断提高 Living standards were rising,
巨大 been huge;
建设项目 building projects took place,
质量很差 a very low quality.
南方的人们不再住在洞穴里 People no longer hours in the South lived in caves,
他们住在公寓里 they lived in apartments.
当然 Of course,
弗朗哥政权把所有的功劳都归功于弗朗哥 the Franco regime gave all the credit to Franco.
这是他的仁慈的祖父 This is the benevolent grandfather of his people,
让西班牙人高兴 making Spaniards happy.
长期以来 弗朗哥一直反对经济开放的事实早已被国家媒体所遗忘 The fact that Franco had been against economic openness had long been forgotten The state media celebrated him and the boom.
在主业会的人实现了他们的目标 At the men of Opus Dei achieved their goal.
繁荣昌盛 Had growing prosperity,
对政府的严厉批评 muffled criticism of the regime.
不管怎样 Either way,
这位年迈的暴君感到不可触摸 the aged despot felt untouchable.
现在 Now,
越来越多 more and more,
弗朗哥把日复一日的苦差事留给了他的大臣们 Franco was leaving the drudgery of day to day politics to his ministers,
首先是路易斯的职业生涯 或者是布兰科担任副总统 first and foremost to Louis Career or Blanco as vice president.
他从1967年开始统治这个国家 he had actually been ruling the country since 1967
从那时起 弗朗哥成为了一个具有象征意义的国家元首他所做的一切显然他花了很多时间 From that point on Franco becomes a symbolic head of state it all he does he obviously he spends a lot of time.
狩猎是一个捕鱼的时间 在看电视的时间里有大量的时间 Hunting was a time fishing huge amount of time watching TV.
有十七台电视机 There are seventeen televisions.
西班牙的宣传对弗朗哥过度的电视消费保持着秘密 Spanish propaganda kept secret about Franco's excessive TV consumption.
相反 Instead,
它描绘了他在打猎和钓鱼方面的成功 it portrayed his success at hunting and fishing.
白发苍苍的元首现在已经七十多岁了 The gray Jefe de estado was now over seventy,
他越来越喜欢自己作为国家祖父的角色 and he liked himself more and more in the role of grandfather of the nation.
但它的正面正在破碎 But the facade was crumbling.
许多西班牙人再也不能对面包和游戏保持沉默 Many Spaniards could no longer be kept quiet with bread and games,
也不是因为害怕国家权力 nor through fear of state power.
繁荣的民主国家的模式激发了人们对自由的渴望 The model that flourishing democracies abroad stirred the desire for freedom,
越来越多 more and more.
这位年迈的独裁者正逐渐失去控制 The aging dictator was gradually losing control.
西班牙社会正在发生变化 Spanish society was changing.
尤其是年轻人在抗议 Young people in particular were protesting.
这不仅仅是经济上的 Now it wasn't only economic,
还有政治改革 but also political reforms.
他们想要 They wanted.
在六十年代中期 In the mid sixties,
对弗朗哥政权的抵抗变得更加激进 resistance to Franco's regime became more radical.
西班牙的年轻人正在失去耐心 Spain's youth was losing patience.
自从五十年代中期第一次暴乱以来 人们几乎每天都上街游行 People took to the streets nearly every day since the first riots in the mid fifties,
抗议活动从未真正减弱 protests had never really abated.
仅仅十年之后 It was only ten years later,
然而 however,
他们发展成一场群众运动 that they developed into a mass movement.
当时，它鼓励所有的人参与并组织起来 At the time it encouraged to all the people to participate and become organized
许多独立的组织出现了 Many separate organizations emerged,
这里有公民的倡议 也有政党在这里涵盖了各种各样的意识形态 there were citizens' initiatives as well as political parties are covering a wide range of ideologies of here.
在这方面 我们的战斗变得清晰可见 in this respect our fight became visible,
这些数据的激进行为引起了特别的关注巴斯克地区的地下组织为了更多的自我决心而斗争了多年 The radical actions of the data found particular attention the Basque underground organization have been fighting for years for more self determination,
弗朗哥总是会否认的 something Franco would always denied.
加泰罗尼亚和Vasco Catalans and Vasco.
1967年进行了第一次炸弹袭击 In1967 liter carried out its first bomb attacks.
不久之后 他们被政治谋杀 They were followed soon after by political murders.
那个特定阶段的编辑有更大的逻辑 editor at that particular stage had a greater logic to it.
然后 then,
当然 一旦民主到来 of course it had once democracy arrived,
所以我不认为人们会同情它 so I didn't think people necessarily sympathize with it,
但他们可能肯定 but they perhaps had certainly,
如果他们是反欺诈的接吻 if they were very much antifraud kiss,
他们当然可能有更多的赞赏 they certainly probably had quite a bit more admiration.
工会仍然被禁止 Trade unions were still banned,
但工人们正变得越来越像一股力量 but the workers were becoming more of a force.
现在 它不再是纯粹的生存 Now it was no longer about pure survival.
抗议活动变得更加政治化 他们的目标更加雄心勃勃 The protests had become more political and their goals were more ambitious.
工人运动逐渐发展成为反对弗朗哥的最危险的形式 The workers' movement gradually developed into the most dangerous form of opposition to Franco.
在工人阶级的圈子里 In working class circles,
甚至神职人员也开始反对这个政权 even the clergy was turning against the regime.
工人牧师长期支持罢工 Worker priests had long supported strikers,
现在主教们公开批评独裁统治 and now bishops were openly criticizing the dictatorship.
这些战线正变得根深蒂固 The fronts were becoming entrenched.
弗朗哥甚至采取了逮捕牧师的方式 Franco even resorted to having priests arrested.
但是 惹恼教会是独裁者无法承受的 But annoying the church was something that dictator could ill afford.
批评和抗议现在来自各方 Criticism and protests were now coming from all sides.
弗朗哥拼命地想让人们支持他 Franco desperately trying to get the people behind him.
到目前为止 By now,
尽管如此 though,
把旧的幽灵和阴谋论混在一起 只会对独裁者的根深蒂固的支持者产生影响 conjuring up the old spectres and conspiracy theories only had an impact on inveterate supporters of the dictator.
在西班牙 In Spain.
一个问题变得越来越紧迫 One question was becoming more and more pressing.
谁会成功 Who will succeed?
弗朗西斯科弗朗哥 Francisco Franco?
弗朗哥故意推迟任命一位继任者 以遏制那些在他的政府内外徘徊的兀鹫 Franco purposely delayed naming a successor in order to restrain the vultures hovering inside and outside his government defiantly.
他指出了他的祖先的长寿 He pointed out the longevity of his forefathers.
然后在1969年7月 Then in July,1969
来了更长的等待地址 came the longer waited address.
二十多年了 for more than twenty years.
这个国家已经对各种候选人进行了推测 The country had speculated about various candidates.
现在 国家元首揭开了他的秘密 并任命胡安卡洛斯为他的王位继承人 Now jefe de Estado unveiled his secret and named Juan Carlos as the successor to his throne.
西班牙为卡洛斯国王松了一口气 只是因为弗朗哥给他起了个名字 所以弗朗哥打破了王室的合法性 Spain breathed a sigh of relief on Carlos is king only because Franco has named him so Franco was broken the legitimacy of the royal line.
他打破了皇室路线的连续性 并有效地完成了他的工作 He's broken the continuity of the royal line and effectively what he's doing.
他表现出他比任何国王都伟大 He is showing that he is greater than any king.
三十一岁的胡安卡洛斯保证绝对忠诚于国家元首 Thirty one year old Juan Carlos pledged absolute loyalty to the head of state.
西班牙王子的新头衔是为波旁王朝国王的后裔创造的 The new title Prince of Spain was created for this descendant of the Bourbon kings.
胡安卡洛斯 Juan Carlos,
他的牌打得很好 who played his cards very,
再一次 以一种稍微有点坦诚的方式 没有准备好 very closely again in a slightly frankest way of not ready,
揭示他的真实感受 然后说 revealing what his true feelings were and say,
因此 弗朗哥鼓励他相信 他将来可以把事情继续下去 therefore gave Franco the encouragement to believe that he could actually carry things on in the future.
当局继续密切关注着胡安卡洛斯 The regime continued to keep a close eye on Juan Carlos.
亲密顾问 Close advisers,
尤其是那些聚集在弗朗哥夫人周围的人想要确保不会有民主化的进程 and particularly the group that gathers around Mrs Franco that wants to make sure that there will be no move to democratization.
对弗朗哥说 say to Franco.
这种情况发生的原因是我们有很多关于弗朗哥大小的证据 This happens is that we have a lot of evidence about the size of Franco.
小心这个胡安卡洛斯 Be careful with this Juan Carlos.
他不值得信任 he's not to be trusted.
弗朗哥的妻子 Franco's wife,
卡门保罗 Carmen Paulo,
被认为是广泛裙带关系的中心 was regarded as the center of the widespread nepotism.
她和弗朗哥家族最喜欢的人害怕失去他们的特权 She and the Franco families favourites were afraid of losing their privileges.
弗朗哥相信他有一个年轻的卡洛斯 因为他把刘易斯卡罗尔作为政府首脑在王子的身边 Franco believed that he had young one Carlos under control because he had placed Lewis Carroll as the head of government at the prince's side.
经验丰富的强硬派现在也正式负责日常政治事务 并完全认可了弗朗哥主义 The experienced hard liner was now also officially responsible the day to day political business and totally endorsed Francoism.
弗朗哥相信他的政治遗产是有保障的 Franco was convinced that his political heritage was secured,
尽管这个政权显然无法找到解决它所面临问题的办法 even though the regime was clearly unable to find any solution to the problems it was facing.
这位独裁者不准备推行任何民主改革 The dictator was not prepared to introduce any democratic reforms.
他再次将他的信仰更多地放在旧的方法上 He again placed his faith more in the old methods,
恐怖和暴力 terror and violence.
这通常是一个演示 That's often a demonstration,
仅仅由我们组成 consisted solely of us,
在大街上迅速喊出几个口号 然后迅速撤退 quickly shouting a few slogans in the street and then beating a hasty retreat.
因为两秒钟后 because two seconds later,
警察在那里向我们开火 他们想要击毙 the police were there and opened fire and they shot to kill
最重要的是 the most important thing.
那就是什么也不说 如果我们被逮捕 was to say nothing if we were arrested
为了保护我们的同志 我们必须保持坚定的意志 we had to remain steadfast in order to protect our comrades.
Visa和她的活动人士多次被逮捕 并被折磨了好几天 Visa and her fellow campaigners were repeatedly arrested and tortured for days on end.
在欧洲其他国家 In the rest of Europe,
68年生人高高兴兴地开始了新的开始 the sixty eight generation was cheerfully embarking on a new beginning.
但在西班牙 人们继续消失无踪 But in Spain people continue to disappear without trace.
每个中心都在外面 Each hub in these outside the each,
在弗朗哥掌权的那段时间里 during the time when Franco was in power,
我还得知 作为朋友和亲人的球员被绑架或失踪了 I also learned as friends and relatives of players had been abducted or disappeared.
因为我们有来自全西班牙的球员 because we have players from all over Spain,
到处都有这样的事 things like that happened everywhere
来自政权的信息 Information from the regimes,
酷刑室越来越频繁地泄露出去 torture chambers leaked out more and more often.
一个转折点是1970年虚假的审判 One turning point was the bogus trial in 1970
16名士兵站在军事法庭前 sixteen aita fighters stood before a military tribunal.
他们面临死刑 They faced the death penalty.
这引发了一波抗议浪潮 不仅在国外 也在西班牙本身 This triggered a wave of protests not only abroad but also in Spain itself.
这个独裁政权还能存活多久 how much longer could the dictatorships survive?
人员 但早 价值三千米 The personnel but early is worth three thousand meters high,
在现实中 as they are in reality,
它高一万米 it were ten thousand meters high.
在他们之外发生的事情永远都是一样的 It will still be what happens beyond them was always the same.
在这方面 In this respect,
伊比利亚人在某种程度上受到了鄙视 Iberian was somewhat despised.
弗朗哥一直掌权 Franco was always in power.
1970年边界目标的试验 The trial in border goals in 1970
这一问题首次引起了全世界的关注 the whole issue to the world's attention for the first time
这一判决引发了全球范围的抗议 The verdict sparked off worldwide protests.
所有的被告都被判处死刑 All the accused had been sentenced to death.
弗朗哥的暴力政权想要树立一个榜样 Franco's violent regime wanted to set an example.
但是国际上的压力也在增加 甚至教皇也介入了 But international pressure grew even the Pope intervened.
几天后 A few days later,
国家元首的缓和和减轻 jefe de Estado relented and commuted.
死刑判决 The death sentences.
为了拯救独裁者的面子 宣传机器被出卖了 To save the dictator's face is propaganda machine sold.
弗朗哥的决定是一种力量的表现 Franco's decision is an act of strength.
作为一个例外 As an exception,
他已宽大处理 he had shown leniency.
在社会层面上非常成功 它促使我们去看看还有什么可以实现的 on the social level that was quite successful and it motivated us to see what else we could achieve.
反对党认为它的时代已经到来 The opposition believed its time had come.
弗朗哥的健康明显衰退 Franco's health was visibly fading;
他患有帕金森氏症 he was suffering from Parkinson's disease.
他的脆弱现在几乎不可能隐藏起来 His fragility was now almost impossible to conceal.
弗朗哥的追随者们采取了一切措施 使政权能够在他死后幸存下来 Franco's followers had taken every measure to enable the regime to survive his death.
但是在12月的一个早晨 But on a December morning,
在1970年 弗朗哥的计划被粉碎 in nineteen seventy three Franco's plans were shattered.
他忠实的副总统 His faithful vice president,
海军上将或布兰科 Admiral Career or Blanco,
他在从教堂回来的路上被吃了 was assassinated by Eater on his way back from church.
一枚炸弹被引爆 把他的汽车高高地抛向空中 A bomb was detonated which hurled his car high into the air.
他们很害怕 They were afraid.
但是接下来会发生什么呢 But what is going to happen next?
我所记得的是城市里突然的沉默 What I remember is the sudden silence in the city
每个人都退了 在那里等着 Everybody withdrew and waited
因为这样的事情完全出乎意料 because something like that had been totally unexpected
那个独裁者受到了严重的打击 The dictator was hard stricken.
我为他的老伴而伤心 I grieved for his veteran companion.
暗杀 The assassination,
我想 I think,
也许是在某种程度上加速了弗朗哥的死亡 probably sort of hastened Franco's death in a way in a longer term,
因为我认为 because I think frankly,
然后开始稍微放弃 then started to give up slightly.
他意识到 在他死后 事情可能不会完全一样 He realized that sort of things probably weren't going to be quite the same after his death.
暗杀造成的权力真空必须迅速填补 The power vacuum created by the assassination had to be filled quickly.
弗朗哥的妻子控制住了 Franco's wife took control.
自从他们年轻的时候 保罗就一直被认为是她丈夫背后的推动力量 Ever since their young days common Paulo had been seen as the driving force behind her husband.
他很少做出违背自己意愿的决定 He rarely took a decision against her will.
弗朗哥会说出一个名字 她会说谁是谁 她航行了 A name would come up on Franco would say who's that and she sailed.
看在上帝的份上 For God's sake.
包装就是我们做的那个人 package is the man we made.
我们让外交部长 We made Foreign Minister,
因此 毫无疑问 她对他有着巨大的影响 so there is no doubt that she had an immense influence over him.
卡门·保罗继承了被暗杀的布兰科的事业 Carmen Paulo picked up where the assassinated career or Blanco had left off.
她的政府团队保证了一条强硬路线 Her government team guaranteed a tough line.
甚至在弗朗哥死后 even after Franco's death.
在她的帮助下 With her help,
极端保守主义者赢得了内部斗争 the ultra conservatives won the internal struggle.
针对该政权批评者的暴力行为呈现出极端的形式 Violence against critics of the regime assumed extreme forms.
尽管如此 Nevertheless,
对于被迫害的人 to the persecuted,
一个新的政治黎明似乎触手可及 a new political dawn seemed within reach.
弗朗哥在1974年打高尔夫球 Franco played golf in 1974
独裁国家最终进入了其他国家 dictatorships ended into other countries,
葡萄牙和希腊 Portugal and Greece,
但是西班牙的独裁者并没有做出任何反应 but no reaction was forthcoming from Spain's dictator.
没有改革 no reforms,
不放弃 no abdication.
他一天至少打一次球 he played goals at least once a day.
他会从阳台上挥手 向人致意 He could way down from his balcony and greet someone
他一直都和当地人打交道 he was always present to local people,
通过这种方式赢得时间 and in this way to gain time
他从未考虑过辞职或做出任何重大改变 这给许多被认为是信件大小的人带来了内心的平静 he never considered stepping down or making any significant changes. that gave many people who were deemed a letter sized some peace of mind.
没有别的事情会发生 Nothing else will happen
因为一切都会像以前一样继续 because everything will continue as before.
但与此同时 at the same time however,
当他的病情变得明显时 when his illness became manifest,
问题出现了 他们知道不久后有事发生 但不知道是什么 the big question mark rose. people knew something happened soon, but they didn't know what
许多人担心弗朗哥的死会打开内战的旧伤疤吗 Many people were worried would Franco's death open up the old wounds of the civil war?
毕竟 After all,
西班牙仍然被分成了两大阵营 Spain was still divided into camps deeply hostile to one another.
在其掌权三十九周年之际 On the thirty ninth anniversary of its assumption of power,
这个政权再次动员了群众 the regime mobilized the mass is once again.
这种举国团结的伟大姿态也被设计用来恐吓当局的批评者 This great gesture of national solidarity was also designed to intimidate the regime's critics.
四十多年来 For over forty years,
内战的胜利者把他的信仰一再地寄托在这样的编配上 the victor of the civil war had placed his faith in such orchestrations time and again.
他们没有别的选择 they didn't have alternative.
他无法推行能够满足西班牙社会需求的改革 这将等同于否定其一生的政治工作 he couldn't introduce reforms that would have met the needs of Spanish society that would been tantamount to negating the political work of a lifetime.
对于弗朗哥 but from Franco?
这是不可能的 that was out of the question,
几周后 A few weeks later,
弗朗哥遭受了几次心脏病发作 Franco suffered the first of several heart attacks.
公众对他的缓慢死亡进行了跟踪 The general public followed his slow death.
实际生活 Practically live.
医生让他活了几个星期 直到20世纪的1975年11月 Doctors kept him artificially alive for several weeks until November the twentieth, 1975
一百万名西班牙人对元首进行了最后的敬意 Half a million Spaniards paid their final respects to jefe de Estado.
他的遗体被安葬在最后一个人的价值中 His mortal remains were laid to rest in the value of the last guy egos,
在西班牙和世界其他地方都屏住呼吸之前 堕落的弗朗哥的山谷已经为自己建造了许多年 the Valley of the Fallen Franco had had the mausoleum built for himself many years before Spain and the rest of the world held its breath.
现在独裁政权也会灭亡 What would happen now with the dictatorship also die,
和弗朗哥一起 along with Franco.
在弗朗哥死后仅两天 only two days after Franco's death,
胡安卡洛斯宣誓就任西班牙国王和国家元首 Juan Carlos was sworn in as the Spanish King and head of state.
他最重要的任务是为西班牙找到一个未来 His most important mission was to find a future for Spain,
这是一个分裂的社会 and it's divided society.
胡安卡洛斯很快就会偏离他的赞助者所定下的道路 Juan Carlos would soon veer from the path laid down by his patron.
改革是不可避免的 Reforms were inevitable.
但最紧迫的问题是 他们能走多远 But the pressing questions were how far reaching would they be?
那年轻的国王 所有的希望都寄托在他身上 有多强大呢 And how strong was the young king on whom all hopes rested?
在任命u海豚苏亚雷斯的时候 In appointing Udolpho Suarez,
作为首相 as the prime Minister,
胡安卡洛斯在船上占据了重要的位置 Juan Carlos took an important figure on board.
苏亚雷斯曾是弗朗哥的支持者 Suarez was a former Franco supporter.
现在 Now,
与国王一步一步地 together with the King step by step,
他想要踏上通往现代民主的道路 he wanted to tread the path to a modern democracy.
1974年夏天 西班牙40年来首次举行了自由选举 In summer 1974, free elections were held in Spain for the first time in forty years.
一项赦免法通过了 And an amnesty law was passed,
对那些在内战期间犯下罪行的人以及在法兰西政权统治下犯下罪行的人不受惩罚 granting impunity for those who had committed crimes during the civil war and under the Francoist regime.
然后在1981年2月23日 Then on February the twenty third 1981
西班牙的未来突然悬于一线 Spain's future suddenly hung by a thread.
来自军队和国民警卫队的右翼准军事组织在一次未遂政变中接管了议会 Rightwing paramilitaries from the army and the Guardia Civil took over Parliament in an attempted coup.
但是在同一个晚上 but in the same night.
国王批准了一个民主选举的政府 The king endorsed a democratically elected government,
他对叛军和弗朗哥的政治遗产游说团体进行了明确的反驳 he gave a clear rebuff to the rebels and Franco's political heritage lobby.
有些人对胡安卡洛斯不太信任 Some people who had had little faith in Juan Carlos,
但在那一刻 他在自己的国家拯救了民主 but at that moment he had saved democracy in his country.
西班牙人 The Spaniards,
总的来说 他们并不想回到西班牙内战 on the whole didn't really want to go back to the Spanish civil war.
他们想要快速进入未来和西班牙的复兴 They wanted a fast forward into the future and Spain's regeneration.
在如此短的时间内 西班牙的现代化 Spains modernization in such a short space of time,
特别是在20世纪80年代的南方 particularly in the south in the nineteen eighties,
这是一个了不起的成就 was it was an amazing achievement.
在弗朗西斯科弗朗哥的统治下 西班牙经历了近代史上最艰难的时期 Under Francisco Franco's Spain had experienced the most difficult episodes in its recent history.
内战造成了50万人死亡 The civil war cost half a million lives.
在接下来的几年里 In the years that followed,
成千上万的人成为恐怖统治的受害者 hundreds of thousands more became victims of a reign of terror.
弗朗哥独裁统治的近四十年留下了深深的伤痕 Almost forty years of Franco's dictatorship have left deep scars.
许多罪犯保持沉默 Many of the guilty remained silent,
而那些遭受痛苦的人真的在倾听 while those who suffered a really listened to.
和解仍然是当前和未来的任务 Reconciliation remains a task for the present and the future.